percentage of fat that contributed to each food group: factor 1 (meat and fish versus legume and cereal pattern),

Overview

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Key numbers

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• and vegetable intakes (229.4 g/day) were below the World Health Organization goals. Total fat (36.1 %E),
• polyunsaturated fatty acids (11.8 %E), n-6 fatty acids (11 %E) and free sugars (12.5 %E) exceeded the goals. The means
• triglyceride levels showed significant decreasing trends for factor 1 (p < 0.05). The medians for blood glucose and
• Conclusion: A shortfall of fruit and vegetable, fibre and n-3 fatty acid intake in the diet is highlighted. When assessing
• NCDs (13) and to describe the dietary quality and pat- moderate to poor validity (range for deattenuated Pearson
• within the age range of 35–55 years were recruited from were put into place to limit participant fatigue due to the
• sphygmomanometer according to standard guidelines. Only version 17® was used to calculate frequency tables,
• tables was used to capture the dietary data. Indigenous as >1.69 mmol/L and hypertension as SBP ≥130 or
• value of Indian foods as a guide (23). value (94 % of men; 92 % of women). Fasting blood glu-
• consumption and disease prevalence, dietary quality and for 37 % men and 40 % women. Total blood cholesterol of
• patterns were determined by index construction and fac- 63 % of men and of 22 % of women was >5.2 mmol/L.
• tor analysis. Two dietary quality indices, a deficiency Both men (92 %) and women (86 %) recorded raised
• adequacy and mean nutrient adequacy ratios (25)) and defined as ≥90 cm for men and ≥80 cm for women for
• the excess index provide a summary of both adequacy central obesity (31). Hence, 86 % of the men and 94 %
• QFFQ were aggregated into 12 food groups based on Table 2 presents the mean percentage energy distribu-
• saturated (SFA), PUFA, monounsaturated fat (MUFA), ability (13). The mean percentages of energy from total
• Table 1 Anthropometric characteristics and clinical profile with reference to Asian cut- off points for men and women (21, 31)
• quality. In Table 3, the means for the deficient index
• Total fat %E 15–30 35.1 37.1
• SAT FAT %E <10 10.0 9.4 significant positive partial correlations (corrected for age
• PUFAs %E 6–10 12.4 11.2 and smoking) for risk score, risk score 1 and blood glu-
• n-6 PUFAs %E 5–8 11.7 10.3 cose levels for men and women, waist circumference for
• n-3 PUFAs %E 1–2 0.25 0.23 men and for blood cholesterol levels for women (Table 4)
• MUFAs %E By difference 9.6 8.9
• Total carbohydrate %E 55–75 49.9 47.0 tions for women. For men, the excess index was nega-
• Free sugars %E <10 12.5 12.5 tively correlated with all clinical risk markers, with the
• Protein %E 10–15 12.8 12.0 partial correlations with waist circumference and blood
• Table 3 Mean (SD) and median (25th, 75th) dietary quality indices scores
• Indices Total group N = 250 Men N = 111 Women N = 139
• a strong negative loading for the nuts and seeds group Factor 2, the medians for all risk markers, except WC,
• quintile 5. Table 6 shows the medians of the clinical intervention.
• Table 4 Pearson partial correlations* controlled for age and smoking between risk scores, clinical factors and diet index scores
• Table 5 Factor loadings for the first two principal components and n-6 fatty acids were above the recommended goals.
• versus legume and cereal seeds versus sugars found that the mean percentage energy from n-3 fatty
• Vegetables 0.55 −0.29 mended WHO goals. The mean fruit and vegetable in-
• Nuts and 0.06 −0.70 study on the association of fruit and vegetable intake
• Eggs −0.54 0.03 be because vegetables are often added to a meat dish as an
• seafood showed PUFAs provided more than 10 % energy. In this
• Sugar and 0.17 0.55 exceeded the recommended WHO goal of 5 to 8 %. In
• acids (0.25 % for men and 0.23 % for women) was lower
• Using Asian cut-offs, the assessment of anthropomet- than the WHO recommendation of 1 to 2 %, reflecting
• characteristics typical of the metabolic syndrome that is to consume significantly less n-3 fatty acids (0.08 %E

Methods (brief)

• was inversely correlated with waist circumference for the whole sample. Two factors were identified, based on the
• Over recent years dietary assessment has moved away from economic status (17) all traditional recipes were collected.
• veloping nutrition–related NCDs among Indians in reference method in a sub-sample of 50 participants. The
• finger-prick blood samples were taken because of limited means, medians, and standard deviations for anthropo-
• for the whole sample are shown in Table 1. Cut-off
• strong negative correlations for the meat and meat tile 1 (participants with higher than the sample average
• strong positive correlations for the legume (0.75) and ipants with higher than the sample average of the leg-
• sugar and sweets (0.55) and visible fats and oil (0.51) than the sample average intake of the nut and seed
• and meat products and fish and seafood groups (stron- sample average intake of the sugars and visible fat
• higher than the sample average meat, meat products studies, interventions with specific nutrients and foods
• were associated with higher than the sample average NCDs. The investigation of diet quality and patterns in
• Fruit 0.08 0.30 take of the total sample in the current study was only
• in the current study (12.5 E% for both men and women) sample and for men and with glucose for men, which
• AN, CSV and UEM conceptualised and designed the study. AN collected and 22. Medical Research Council. FoodFinder 3 version 1.1.3. Parow Valley: Medical
• a national sample of Lebanese adults. Public Health Nutr. 2011;14:1570–8.

Implications

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Wiki pages this source may touch

• Fish — marine, non-predatory (sardines, anchovies, salmon, cod)
• Shellfish (shrimp, crab, lobster, clams, oysters, mussels)
• teething-and-snacks
• Mercury

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