for humans. Nevertheless, low photostability and putative toxicity for humans and environment

Overview

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Key numbers

The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:

are a total of 29 approved UV filters (9) (compounds 1–35 (Table S1)), complying with
(21), and octocrylene (30)) in hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrins system that successfully acted
as photostabilisers (44). Studies with cyclodextrins encapsulation using other UV filters
Table 1. Photodegradation products of commercialised UV filters that were study regarding to their
tion of UV filters (benzophenone derivatives) varied between 17% and 100%. Of all the
Bioaccumulation is the most referred effect in small marine organisms. Table 2 de-
of 1 mg/L for homosalate (8) (93) and green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii at 5 mg/L
at 5 mg/L, induced the decrease in photosynthetic pigments, and consequently create a
in 54%, 64%, and 88%, respectively, at concentrations of 2 mg/L, being octocrylene (30)
Avobenzone (11) (200 µg/L) and octocrylene (30) (200 µg/L) affected the crustacean Daphia
common environmental concentrations (96.0–395.6 µg/kg) of EHMC (21) (60). Despite this,
Table 2. Summary of the negative impact of UV Filters in marine organisms.
Chlamydomonas 5 mg/L (94)
Homosalate (8) Induce mortality in 54%
Brine Avobenzone (11) Induce mortality in 64%
Artemia salina 2 mg/L (93)
Octocrylene (30) Induce mortality in 88%
Octocrylene (30) 200 µg/L Behavioural changes
Danio rerio 0.19–0.77 mg/L (96)
Oncorhynchus mykiss 96.0–395.6 µg/kg Increasing of leukocytes (60)
dant activity. In Table 3, natural extracts and metabolites (36–56) of botanical and marine
which demonstrated an amelioration in the solar protection factor (SPF) value of 81%.
a commercial extract of Olea europaea with 20% of oleuropein (38) (101). This extract displayed
SPF of the sunscreens, using vegetable oils (111,112), guava-fruit extract (113,114), rice bran
natural products, MAAs are well-known by their photoprotective characteristics (Table 3).
330 (42) (119,120), shinorine (43) (118,119), and porphyra-334 (45) (118). Rangel et al. (2020)
being demonstrated as non-cytotoxic and non-photounstable (119). These MAAs were also
Table 3. Natural extracts and metabolites of botanical and marine sources with photoprotective and
Ratchasima, Thailand) 36 = 35.1%; 37 = 31.3%
keratinocyte cell = 100%
Therefore, CePO4 is a potential future novel, stable, and efficient inorganic UV filter (129).
compounds with extra pharmacological properties are presented. Table S2 summarises
sulfonic acid (PBSA) (14) (96.7%) (134). Additionally, new 5-membered ring-benzimidazole
photostability, and photoprotective activities (135). Among these, the most photostable was
their λmax values in the range of 369 nm and 389 nm (138). Additionally, three hybrids
Compounds 162–164 proved to absorb in the UVB range (280–320 nm). Additionally, xan-
receptors, showing the absence of agonistic (% receptor activity < 30%) and antagonistic (%
and avobenzone (11)-inspired derivatives, which are safer and photostable, and octocrylene
2009 (actualised version in October 2021), Table S2: Synthetic derivatives with photoprotective and
curcumin with beta-cyclodextrin polymers: Effect on cross-linkers. J. Incl. Phenom. Macrocycl. Chem. 2018, 91, 37–45. (CrossRef)
cyclodextrin in dermal preparations. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 2010, 36, 688–697. (CrossRef)
1. Scalia, S.; Casolari, A.; Iaconinoto, A.; Simeoni, S. Comparative studies of the influence of cyclodextrins on the stability of the

Methods (brief)

have confirmed the detection of UV filters in human biological samples (12,13) and in
liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis that samples of 21 previously irradiated with UVR
mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or HPLC. The number of photodegradation products varied
(21), and octocrylene (30)) in hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrins system that successfully acted
as photostabilisers (44). Studies with cyclodextrins encapsulation using other UV filters
biological samples, such as in urine and blood samples, particularly benzophenone and
accordance, the potential endocrine disruption of UV filters in biological samples, namely
changes (79), and neurotoxicity (80). Nevertheless, the use of human biological samples is
production of melanin, fluorescence pigments and mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs),
UVR (57). Following this study, samples of corals collected in Pearl River Estuary of South
cialis (53). Additionally, many organic UV filters have been reported in collected marine
samples, namely: homosalate (8) (algae and brine shrimp); benzophenone-1 (algae) and
HPLC, being proposed that this secondary metabolite should be the main responsible
with formulations containing isolated samples of resveratrol (9.35) and green tea extract
natural products, MAAs are well-known by their photoprotective characteristics (Table 3).
There are more than 30 MAAs produced by algae (117) and cyanobacteria (118), but the
as major constituents, three MAAs, palythine (41), asterina-330 (42), and shinorine (43),
being demonstrated as non-cytotoxic and non-photounstable (119). These MAAs were also

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Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
b01ec52c	2026-08-04	major	2 sections added
d49e450f	2026-08-03	major	5 sections added; narrative text revised