Doughnut evidence includes aluminum measurements in products made with aluminum-containing additives, reported separately from infant biomarker research.
- Metals of concern: aluminum, alongside separate survey measurements of other elements
- Ingredient drivers: aluminum-containing additives, including baking powder in the measured doughnut rows
- Practical framing: retain the printed concentration units and reporting limit; infant hair associations are not doughnut measurements
This page draws on 1 peer-reviewed study. The complete citation list is at the bottom of the page.
Overview
This provisional ingredient page records source-specific measurements for doughnut. Its population contamination profile has not been synthesized. See Ingredients for the ingredient inventory.
Heavy metal contamination profile
| Analyte | Coverage | Typical (ppb) | Confidence | Key sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| lead (Pb) | pending | — | — | — |
| cadmium (Cd) | pending | — | — | — |
| inorganic arsenic (iAs) | pending | — | — | — |
| total arsenic (tAs) | pending | — | — | — |
| total mercury (tHg) | pending | — | — | — |
| nickel (Ni) | pending | — | — | — |
| aluminum (Al) | pending | — | — | — |
| chromium (Cr) | pending | — | — | — |
| tin (Sn) | pending | — | — | — |
| uranium (U) | pending | — | — | — |
The profile fields remain pending until an evidence synthesis supports a population estimate. Source observations are listed separately below.
Reported measurements
The population contamination profile on this page is unchanged. These notes do not set a typical value, an upper-tail value, or a certification limit.
Doughnuts with aluminium additives, Japan
Ogimoto and colleagues measured aluminium only. Table 2 prints Content (mg/g). Doughnut-1 is 0.03 mg/g. Doughnut-2 is ND, defined as below 0.01 mg/g. This page does not convert mg/g. Lead, cadmium, arsenic, mercury, nickel, chromium, and tin were not measured. Data gap for those metals. Aluminium Content in Foods with Aluminium-Containing Food Additives
| Study | Design | Metal | Finding | Units and basis | n |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aluminium Content in Foods with Aluminium-Containing Food Additives | Two doughnut rows, baking powder labeled | Aluminum | Doughnut-1 0.03 mg/g; Doughnut-2 below 0.01 mg/g | mg/g as printed | not printed |
Doughnut aluminum from additives, and the infant hair study
The doughnut rows on this page measured aluminum in products made with aluminum-containing additives, in milligrams per gram as printed, not a gut endpoint. The gut record that names aluminum is prenatal hair in a mother-infant cohort, with Bifidobacterium higher when aluminum and manganese were both high. A bakery should keep additive identity, aluminum result, and any microbiome language in separate fields.
Xiong et al. 2025, per WikiBiome source summary, DOI 10.1038/s41467-025-60508-8, followed 146 mother-infant pairs, with maternal hair trace elements measured in 119 mothers. Shannon diversity of the infant gut at 3 months correlated positively with selenium and negatively with copper. Bifidobacterium relative abundance increased under high aluminum and high manganese together, so the note does not separate aluminum from manganese. The note states that high copper and arsenic may enrich antibiotic resistance genes. Hair concentrations are not printed. The direction is prenatal trace-element biomarkers toward the infant gut. Hair is not a food sample.
Study table
| Study | Model | Metal and dose | Main finding | Limitation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Xiong et al. 2025 | Mother-infant cohort; n = 146; hair n = 119 | Hair aluminum, copper, arsenic, manganese, selenium; concentrations not printed | Infant Shannon diversity fell with copper; Bifidobacterium rose with high aluminum and manganese together | Per WikiBiome source summary; hair is not food |
What remains uncertain
The hair study does not separate aluminum from manganese, does not print hair concentrations, and does not test doughnuts, baking powder, or fried dough. No other gut experiment cited here isolates aluminum.
FDA TDS FY2018–FY2020 source observations
FDA measured the prepared foods named below. Each row describes that food and preparation, not every form of this ingredient. Values are µg/kg (ppb) on the FDA sample basis. ND means not detected; it is not a measured zero. Reporting limits can vary between composites. FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical Results
| FDA food and preparation | Analyte | Composites | Detected | Detected concentrations (ppb) | Reporting limits (ppb) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 290: Doughnut, cake-type, plain | tAs | 3 | 3 | 3–3.5 | 3 |
| 290: Doughnut, cake-type, plain | Cd | 3 | 3 | 8.8–12 | 1 |
| 290: Doughnut, cake-type, plain | Cr | 3 | 0 | ND in all composites | 50 |
| 290: Doughnut, cake-type, plain | Pb | 3 | 1 | 4.3 | 4 |
| 290: Doughnut, cake-type, plain | tHg | 3 | 0 | ND in all composites | 1 |
| 290: Doughnut, cake-type, plain | Ni | 3 | 3 | 130–140 | 40 |
| 290: Doughnut, cake-type, plain | U | 3 | 2 | 2.9–3.4 | 1 |
References
Works cited in this page’s text, in first-appearance order. See Sources for this page’s source inventory. Each title links to a source record with bibliographic details, reported findings, and document provenance.
- Aluminium Content in Foods with Aluminium-Containing Food AdditivesPeer-reviewed
- Prenatal exposure to trace elements impacts mother-infant gut microbiome, metabolome and resistome during the first year of lifePeer-reviewed
- FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsDataset
Sources
Sources catalogued for this page. The last column says how each source is used here.
| # | Citation | Year | Type | Used on this page for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | FDA 2022. FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical Results, FDA Total Diet Study | 2022 | Government dataset | US-FDA Pb, Cd, tAs, iAs, tHg, Ni, Cr, U, Sb occurrence in 3276 prepared food, beverage and water composites across 307 TDS foods, FY2018-FY2020 US collections (n=3276) |
Update history
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