barrier. Phototoxicity caused by overexposure, especially to ultraviolet radiation (UVR), results

Overview

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Key numbers

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covering the 900–1000 nm range is understandable given that there is no competing system
Table 1. Skin phototype classifications.
score for the assessment of reflectance, confocal microscopy, and (range 0–12), epidermal the assessment of intrinsic and extrinsic
intrinsic and extrinsic skin imaging hyperplasia score (range 0–9), skin aging
aging) score, 2022 dermal score (range 0–15)
ozone layer absorbs almost 100% of UVC, transmitting a fraction of UVB (0.1%), UVA
70–80% epidermis, 20–30% dermal inflammation, the synthesis
(315–280 nm) epidermis, and 10% of the IL-1-family proteins, IL-1α, IL-1β, photoaging; actinic keratoses,
UVB and UVA radiation reach approximately 10% and over 90%, respectively, contributing
of all human cancers (69,70). The carcinogenic spectrum of UVR is in the range of
(IPD) was observed in the wavelength range from 380 to 500 nm (104). The inconsistency
criteria (Table 3). The skin’s susceptibility to sunburn was most frequently assessed.
Table 3. Clinical trials concerning application of carotenoids for skin photoprotection.
n = 25, two tablets erythemal dose, sunburn
(n = 8; 15 mg/d); 120 mJ/cm2 total glutathione
an interventional, n = 20; UVB wavelength serum lycopene, minimal
extract (Lyc-o-Mato), and a n = 36; lycopene (about phytoene serum levels, total
n = 40; orally, topically, or in superficial lipids, skin
physiological parameters safflower oil; 5% lutein a double-blind,
level of carotenoids in the plasma (144) and in the skin in humans by 13.5% and 21.2% (p
ing with the quenching rate constant kq < 0.01 × 109 M−1 s−1 , whereas polyenes with n = 9
Zeaxanthin with n = 11 (kq /109 Ms = 12.6 in benzene) is twice as effective as lutein with
values. Zeaxanthin with n = 11 (kq/109 Ms = 12.6 in benzene) is twice as effective as lutein
the treated group (n = 9) was 40% less compared to the control group (n = 10) (p = 0.02;
on the back of the treated group (n = 9) was 40% less compared to the control group (n =
and Lichene (Clodia aggregata, Concamerella fistulata, Usnea amaliae, Usnea densirostra) (215).
Table 4 summarizes examples of various nanoformulations containing carotenoids to increase
Table 4. Examples of nanoformulations containing carotenoids.
study, stable oil-in-water NE with a droplet size (<150 nm) loaded with carotenoid was
tems. The most beneficial were Plantacare 1200 and carriers made of orange wax, lycopene
intensity. UVR light makes up 2–3% of the solar spectrum, while VL and NIR make up about
1. Boniol, M.; Autier, P.; Boyle, P.; Gandini, S. Cutaneous melanoma attributable to sunbed use: Systematic review and meta-analysis.
1. Block, G.; Patterson, B.; Subar, A. Fruit, vegetables, and cancer prevention: A review of the epidemiological evidence. Nutr.
frozen vegetables. J. Food Eng. 2006, 77, 327–333. (CrossRef)
1. Perry, A.; Rasmussen, H.; Johnson, E.J. Xanthophyll (lutein, zeaxanthin) content in fruits, vegetables and corn and egg products. J.
1. Pfitzner, I.; Francz, P.I.; Biesalski, H.K. Carotenoid:methyl-beta-cyclodextrin formulations: An improved method for supplemen-

Methods (brief)

Goldman World Classification risk of burning, tanning, and
Agrobacterium aurantiacum, Paracoccus carotinifaciens, Escherichia coli), and Lichene (Clodia
and Lichene (Clodia aggregata, Concamerella fistulata, Usnea amaliae, Usnea densirostra) (215).
collected current preclinical research on the treatment of inflammatory diseases using
taining natural bioactive compounds were collected, among others, by Taouzinet et al. (314).
lutein from courgette micelles the micellarization in vitro digestion procedure carotenoid bioavailability (331)
β-carotene digestion antioxidant activity
demonstrated the usefulness of methyl-β-cyclodextrin (M-β-CD) for the solubilization
of carotenoid concentrations in blood serum (382). The determination method is HPLC
with detection of UV/Vis or mass spectrometry, which is recommended for the analysis
articles published in English between 1974 and 2023. A series of 152 articles were collected,
of which 89 met the search criteria. The collected database included 65 review articles and
1. Goldman, M. Universal classification of skin type. J. Cosmet. Dermatol. 2002, 15, 53–54,57.
1. McArdle, F.; Rhodes, L.E.; Parslew, R.A.; Close, G.L.; Jack, C.I.; Friedmann, P.S.; Jackson, M.J. Effects of oral vitamin E and
1. Greul, A.K.; Grundmann, J.U.; Heinrich, F.; Pfitzner, I.; Bernhardt, J.; Ambach, A.; Biesalski, H.K.; Gollnick, H. Photoprotection of
1. Engelmann, N.; Clinton, S.; Erdman, J. Nutritional aspects of phytoene and phytofluene, carotenoid precursors to lycopene. Adv.
mass spectrometry and their bioavailability and antioxidant properties elucidated in rat model. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2010, 58,
antioxidant activity, and in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. Food Res. Int. 2020, 136, 109587. (CrossRef)

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The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
b01ec52c	2026-08-04	major	2 sections added
d49e450f	2026-08-03	major	5 sections added; narrative text revised