Overview
Samsidar and colleagues used X-ray fluorescence and laboratory soil tests to measure metal and nutrient elements in Ultisol soils from palm, rubber, forest, and vegetable land-use areas in Muara Jambi Regency, Indonesia. This is in-scope a3 soil-pathway and source-attribution context for plantation and vegetable production landscapes, not palm-oil product occurrence.
Key numbers
Sampling covered four locations and two depths: T1 and S1 from a palm plantation, T2 and S2 from a mixed palm/rubber/forest location, T3 and S3 from natural forest, and T4 and S4 from a vegetable plantation. T samples were 0-20 cm and S samples were reported as 20-50 cm in the methods; the table note prints 20-40 cm and contains a typo for the final sub-sample label.
Table 1 reports metal elements as percent. Decimal commas below are preserved as printed by the source:
| Element | T1 palm top | S1 palm sub | T2 mixed top | S2 mixed sub | T3 forest top | S3 forest sub | T4 vegetable top | S4 vegetable sub |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mg | 4,30 | 5,72 | 4,35 | 4,35 | 4,08 | 5,65 | 3,08 | 3,46 |
| aluminum (Al) | 20,52 | 21,82 | 16,08 | 20,30 | 19,23 | 20,59 | 22,08 | 23,34 |
| Fe | 11,26 | 13,43 | 8,16 | 9,19 | 11,71 | 12,03 | 12,25 | 13,60 |
| Ti | 3,09 | 3,37 | 2,75 | 2,84 | 2,72 | 2,67 | 0 | 2,98 |
| Zn | 0,01 | 0,01 | 0,01 | 0,01 | 0,01 | 0,01 | 0,02 | 0,01 |
| nickel (Ni) | 0 | 0 | 0,01 | 0,01 | 0,01 | 0,01 | 0,01 | 0,01 |
| Mn | 0,01 | 0,02 | 0,02 | 0,01 | 0,02 | 0,01 | 0.05 | 0,02 |
| chromium (Cr) | 0,04 | 0,04 | 0,05 | 0,05 | 0,03 | 0,03 | 0,05 | 0,03 |
| V | 0,07 | 0,08 | 0,06 | 0,07 | 0,06 | 0,06 | 0,07 | 0,09 |
The paper also reports pH values of 3,71 (T1), 3,61 (S1), 3,78 (T2), 3,65 (S2), 3,71 (T3), 3,68 (S3), 5,58 (T4), and 5,50 (S4). The authors state that locations 1 and 2 had higher aluminum (Al) content than locations 3 and 4 and lower Mg content.
Linear-regression modeling found R2 = 0.938 for pH against metal elements, R2 = 0.934 for pH against macronutrients, and R2 = 0.767 for pH against micronutrients. The authors conclude that pH had the strongest correlation with metal elements among the three modeled groups.
Methods (brief)
Soil samples were collected from Jambi Luar Kota in Muara Jambi district: a palm plantation, a mixed palm/rubber/forest location, natural forest, and a vegetable plantation. A 10 m x 20 m plot was used at each location; five top-layer and five sub-layer samples were taken and mixed per location-depth. Samples were air dried, ground, sieved through a 15 mesh/< 2 mm sieve, and analyzed by X-ray fluorescence using an S2 PUMA Series 2 instrument. Laboratory tests measured pH (H2O, 1:2), total nitrogen by Kjeldahl, organic carbon by Walkley and Black, and available phosphorus by Kurt Bray 1.
Related evidence
- Soil-to-plant transfer of heavy metals
- Source attribution and environmental burden apportionment
- Aluminum
- Nickel
- Chromium
- Manganese
- Zinc
- Iron
- Titanium
- Vanadium
Update history
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