Overview
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Key numbers
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- During spring 2020 market white rice was collected in 36 same except that 10 ml of 0.1% nitric acid. Aristar nitric acid
- were collected, averaging 15 samples per district, with cul- arsenic speciation in addition of a range of elemental totals.
- sis are reported briefly, to avoid self-plagiarism by reporting of 1000 mg/L were prepared. Working standard sets were
- adequate signal response in positive mode, whereas the 4 Table 1 lists the LoDs and recoveries, where appropriate
- oryzanol analogues performed better in negative mode. of each analyte, while Table 2 lists averages, medians and
- soluble group separations was a Waters Acquity UPLC® elements and arsenic species ranged from 60.7% (zinc)
- HSS T3 1.8 µm, 2.1 × 100 mm. The B-vitamins required to 106% (rubidium) (Table 1). Twelve elements/arsenic
- 4 min, then changed to 30:70 A:B within 2 min, then to logues), were all above LoD. Vitamins B2, B6 pyrodoxal,
- 6 s and held for a final 54 s, giving a total time of 9 min. The where not detected. A range of vitamin E analogues spe-
- last component came off around 6.1 min. The fat-soluble E cific to rice, the oryzanols, were detected above LoD
- and K vitamins required an isocratic program of 1:99 water: (Tables 1 and 2).
- of 7 standards was made in the range 0 to 0.25 mg/L. All sam- cies and vitamins between districts, and their association
- dosed, in triplicate, at 0.017, and 0.033 mg/L. tude. All other parameters had a nonsignificant, P > 0.05,
- ards was made in the range 0 to 5 mg/L. Calibrations curves for iron (P = 0.007), potassium (P = 0.0002) and B6 pyridox-
- each compound quantified are given in Table 1. As this study regressions as arsenic species, i.e., being negatively cor-
- Table 2 Mean and standard error for grain concentrations of ele- 2012) for adult males as they tend to have higher RDAs than
- Mean S.E P for ANOVA 18 mg/d as compared to males 8 mg/d. For and adult male
- (59%), zinc (37%), iron (27%), B3 (21%), B6 (20%), potas-
- sium (10%), and poorly for E (1.2) and calcium (0.7%). The
- arsenic (61 μg/d) and cadmium (13 μg/d) (Table 4) also had
- B1 was reported at ~ 0.4–0.7 mg/kg in two polished Chinese
- (Liu et al. 2019), while a median of 1.54 mg/kg was reported
- B2 was below LoD (0.06 mg/kg) using state-of-the-art tri-
- The PCA regression analysis (Fig. 5) showed, where dis- was ~ 10 mg/kg, suggesting methodological differences, as
- tricts were divided into quadrats based on median longitude they used outmoded diode array detection. Their B1 and B6
- the opposite, low zinc and cadmium with high arsenic spe- ished Thai rice (Lichanporn et al. 2020), B3 was ~ 60% of
- DRIs (Table 3) were calculated for elements and vitamins find above the LoD (0.36 mg/kg), again using older UV-
- Academy of Science (2006), assuming a per capita rice con- below the limits of quantification (0.5 mg/L) (Kam et al.
- centrations of ~ 2 mg/kg and niacin at 0.2 mg/kg or less (Nur in rice, though more attention has been paid to the oryz-
- Haqim et al. 2013). Here we report B1 at 1.5 mg/kg B2 at anol analogues as they are found at high concentrations in
- 8.8 mg kg 0.31 mg/kg. Thus, B1 measurements reported rice bran. The polyphenol complex that represents vitamin
- increased by ~ 100% in the south as compared to the north.
- rice, declining to 5 mg/kg in 8% milled non-parboiled, and total arsenic concentrations (graphs not shown), but there
- 4.4% milled parboiled, rice. Here we report 2.5 mg/kg for was no significant change in speciation.
- Al-Rmalli et al. (2012) found a mean of 0.037 mg/kg for Characterization of a wide range of grain nutrient elements
- regions), not dissimilar to the mean of 0.032 for parboiled Asia and Europe found strong regional differences in grain
- Table 3 Percentage adult male DRI (mg/kg) min 25th Median 75th max Range
- Table 4 Daily intake or total arsenic and cadmium (µg) per day based on a per capita consumption 0.45 kg of rice per day
Methods (brief)
- ladesh. The survey collected ~ 500 market rice samples, averaging 15 samples and 10.7 cultivars per district. New LC-MS
- copper, DMA, inorganic arsenic and oryzanols decreased northwards. There was a longitudinal gradient for iron, potassium,
- HPLC-MS methodologies for adequate qualification and and form of consumption in Bangladesh. Where appropriate,
- established which nutrients were interlinked to geography sample microwave digested, in batches of 40, using a CEM
- through Principle Components Analysis (PCA). MARS 6 instrument, with the used digestion program given
- Materials and Methods lytical blank. On cooling samples were diluted to 30 ml with
- Sample Collection fied by ICP-MS (Thermo ICAP-Q) against a set calibration
- series. For arsenic speciation, sample preparation was the
- During spring 2020 market white rice was collected in 36 same except that 10 ml of 0.1% nitric acid. Aristar nitric acid
- were situated in the west of the country (Fig. 1). All samples programme given by Carey et al. (2020). QA/QC procedures
- the populace (Rahman et al. 2019). A total of 556 samples ing the use of CRM NIST 1568b which is also certified for
- were collected, averaging 15 samples per district, with cul- arsenic speciation in addition of a range of elemental totals.
- The cultivars collected, with N in parenthesis following, oxide, to oxidize any arsenite to arsenate, and the samples
- (13), BRRI dhan52 (2), BRRI dhan63 (2) Cheni (18), Dega in Carey et al. (2020), and interfaced with the ICP-MS as
- the experiments was market purchased, the location where it added and the sample then sonicated (CamLab camSonix
- is grown was not known, beyond being of local origin, and C1275) for 10 min. The samples were then centrifuged (Het-
- batch of rice originated from. Samples were dried at 70 °C fold and decanted into analysis vials (Waters 9 mm 1.8 ml
- For total elemental analysis, powdered rice (~ 0.1 g) was quadrupole mass spectrometry (Waters ACQUITY UPLC®
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Update history
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