Overview
This book chapter reports cadmium, arsenic, lead and mercury measured by ICP-MS in 200 water samples along the Greater Gaborone supply chain, from raw reservoir water to indoor taps, plus commercial bottled water. Lead rose from raw to household tap water, which the authors link to distribution and plumbing. Bottled water is a small subset (about 4% of samples). The chapter copyright line reads 2023; the manifest and book year is 2024.
Key numbers
- Bottled water: cadmium and lead not detected; arsenic 0.16 ± 0.03 µg/L; mercury 0.24 ± 0.06 µg/L (Table 2, p. 10). The text gives arsenic as 0.15 ± 0.020 µg/L (p. 13).
- Indoor household tap water lead 1.19 ± 1.25 µg/L against raw water 0.08 µg/L (Table 2, p. 10; water, not a product).
Methods (brief)
Triplicate samples in pre-cleaned bottles, nitric acid preserved, microwave digested and analysed by ICP-MS under CSIR method CMP33. Validation included LODs and spike recovery, but values are not printed.
Evidence Fitness
Weak proxy for flavored-carbonated-bottled-waters: plain bottled water with no brand, source or exact sample count, so the thin page is not linked. LODs are not printed, so the bottled-water non-detects cannot be bounded. Book chapter rather than a journal article (tier B).
Related evidence
Update history
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