Overview
This source page is a mechanical bulk-ingest record for a PDF in the methylmercury infant-formula research pull. It preserves source-level identity, routeable product/analyte scope, and exact extracted numeric lines for later human or fresh-context audit. It does not derive HMTc thresholds, percentiles, or brand-by-brand comparisons.
Key numbers
The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:
- Journal of Animal Science, 2021, Vol. 99, No. 6, 1–10
- doi:10.1093/jas/skab133
- reported as fed RMBD (n = 28) or kibble (n = 27) for >1 yr. Dental, external ear canal, and integument health scores were
- assigned by a single veterinary evaluator blinded to feed group, using a scale where 0 was normal and 3 was most severely
- adjusting for the covariates gender, breed, age, and BCS. A composite clinical health score, (CCS) = 9 − (dental score + otitis
- activity (P < 0.001) and globulin concentration (P < 0.001) were lower, while lymphocyte count (P < 0.05) was higher in dogs
- CCS compared with kibble-fed dogs (CCS: P = 0.03). Owner management significantly differed with a greater likelihood
- © The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Animal Science.
- 2 | Journal of Animal Science, 2021, Vol. 99, No. 6
- Abbreviations activated B cells (Cepas et al., 2020). There is mounting evidence
- CCS clinical composite score (Langhendries et al., 1992; Hamelin et al., 2003; Comazzi et al.,
- HCT hematocrit 2008; Poulsen et al., 2013; Ribeiro et al., 2019). Taken together,
- The impact of diet on health is irrefutable, for humans as well et al., 2016; Lynch and Pedersen, 2016; Mondo et al., 2019; Burr
- as our companion animal species. The interest and demand et al., 2020). RMBD diets differ substantially in the overall
- with an explosion of available diets labeled as natural, fresh, products in commercial kibble results in 30% to 40% simple
- or grain free. Several nontraditional feeding methodologies carbohydrates and 3% to 5% crude fiber. Therefore, naturally
- Joffe, 2011). Anecdotal reports of health benefits of raw meat- markers, including a modest clinical benefit (such as improved
- 2013). However, little to no evidence is present in the scientific would also contribute to differences in general health markers
- or failed to report clinical outcomes (Algya et al., 2018; Frisk, fed RMBD or commercial extruded kibble diets for a period of
- 2018; Anturaniemi et al., 2020). at least 1 yr.
- Weese et al., 2005; Finley et al., 2006; Strohmeyer et al., 2006;
- Lefebvre et al., 2008; Freeman et al., 2013; Nemser et al., 2014; van
- Bree et al., 2018). Owners may also unwittingly create nutritional
- diets (Köhler et al., 2012; Pedrinelli et al., 2019). Because of the
- The type, duration, and temperature of processing of Healthy, adult (1.5 to 13 yr) dogs fed either an RMBD or extruded
- feedstuffs can all affect nutrient composition and digestibility, commercial kibble diet for longer than 1 yr were recruited for
- digestibility than dry kibble (Beloshapka et al., 2012; Kerr et al., by a single veterinary clinician blinded to the dog’s feeding
- 2012; Bermingham et al., 2017). Rendering meat lowers the method. Dogs that received treatment with antimicrobial,
- meat meals (Cramer et al., 2007). Processing may also result in within 4 mo; vaccinated with 2 wk; or pregnant were excluded.
- et al., 2008; Van Rooijen et al., 2014a, 2014b). AGEs, through sample collection, only dogs >9 kg were included.
- Hiney et al. | 3
- parasite prevention, dental care (including date of last 1000, Siemens). All thyroid hormone assays were performed
- profession dental cleaning, use of dental chews, or frequency within 3 mo of sample collection.
- medications (including nutraceuticals and over the counter), Sample size calculation indicated that 25 animals per group
- health habits, and activity level. A modified World Small Animal were needed to detect a 1.2-grade difference in the CCS with an
- Veterinary Association (WSAVA) Global Nutrition Assessment 80% power and an alpha of 0.05%. To perform this calculation,
- checklist was completed by the pet owner in order to obtain we assumed a mean CCS of 7/9 (SD 1.5) in the kibble-fed dogs
- palatability, food storage, and access to foods not offered by the and periodontal; Nuttall and Bensignor, 2014; Olivry et al., 2014;
- owner (Baldwin et al., 2010; Freeman et al., 2011). Stella et al., 2018).
- 1997; Mawby et al., 2004). The oral cavity of the dog was
- teeth and graded on a scale of 0 to 3, using an adaptation of
- purposes of statistics, breed was coded as border collies (n = 13),
Methods (brief)
- for a short-term feeding trial, was limited by small sample sizes, biochemical, and clinical health outcomes in client-owned dogs
- et al., 2008; Van Rooijen et al., 2014a, 2014b). AGEs, through sample collection, only dogs >9 kg were included.
- Historical information collected included vaccination status, using a canine-validated chemiluminescence assay (Immulite
- profession dental cleaning, use of dental chews, or frequency within 3 mo of sample collection.
- medications (including nutraceuticals and over the counter), Sample size calculation indicated that 25 animals per group
- Sample collection score), data were scored as normal vs. abnormal and the feeding
- Free catch urine samples were collected from the dogs on the groups compared using Fisher’s exact test. Fecal consistency
- determined on fresh urine samples by refractometry and urine test a chi-square test.
- samples collected via jugular venipuncture into tubes containing except bathing practice, which used a Mann–Whitney test. To
- blood collection; all samples were collected 60 to 360 min after those dogs that did or did not have a history of professional
- Diego, CA). All samples were measured on a single plate with performed to test the association between the integument
- an intraassay coefficient of variation of 2.78% at a concentration score (normal: grade 0; abnormal: grade ≥ 1) and frequency of
- of 6 ng/mL (n = 4). Blood samples for serum thyroxine (T4), free baths (baths/yr). Statistical analysis and graph creation were
- The client histories collected revealed distinct differences in
- undergoes heat and pressure processing, while the two RMBD the digestion of protein and energy in dogs. PeerJ. 5:e3019.
Implications
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Verification notes
- Identity check: DOI, raw handle, candidate cite-key, and SHA-256 were compared against existing
wiki/sources/pages before creation. - Full-PDF read:
pdftotext -layoutwas run on the full PDF twice; extracted text hashes matched before the page was written. - Numeric verification: numeric/table-bearing lines were selected mechanically from the verified extraction and preserved without unit conversion or rounding.
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Update history
The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.