Overview
Madani-Tonekaboni and colleagues measured lead and cadmium in raw and pasteurized milk samples from eastern Iran and modeled exposure with Monte Carlo simulation. This is direct dairy-occurrence evidence with consumer-risk calculations layered on top.
Key numbers
The abstract reports mean concentrations of 38.15 ug/kg lead and 4.67 ug/kg cadmium in raw milk, and 48.49 ug/kg lead and 6.84 ug/kg cadmium in pasteurized milk.
The results section states that raw milk lead ranged from 15.77 to 67.84 ug/kg. For pasteurized milk, the text reports a maximum mean lead concentration of 133.1 ug/kg and a minimum of 7.8 ug/kg, and a maximum mean cadmium concentration of 12.5 ug/kg with a minimum of 1.2 ug/kg.
The source reports that THQ values for adults and children remained below 1 for all groups under the Monte Carlo exposure model.
Methods (brief)
The study analyzed 54 raw milk samples collected by cluster sampling from five regions and 20 pasteurized milk samples purchased from supermarkets. Samples were digested and measured by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy, with triplicate analyses and validation parameters reported in Table 2. Risk assessment used a 10,000-iteration Monte Carlo simulation.
Related evidence
Update history
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