Overview
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Key numbers
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- 28 modeling revealed a clear contamination hierarchy: rice (0.1 mg/kg) > wheat (0.05
- 31 analysis demonstrated stable rice and wheat levels over 35 years, while corn showed
- 32 62.5% improvement since 1985. Health risk assessment using updated JECFA
- 38 health threats. Climate change may increase rice arsenic by 25%, which could further
- 55 levels range from 0.019-4.87 μg·g⁻¹, significantly exceeding wheat (0.024-0.044 μg·g⁻¹)
- 78 temperature conditions may increase rice arsenic concentrations by 25-45% through
- 88 genetic engineering approaches demonstrate over 90% reduction in grain arsenic
- 127 for advanced statistical modeling, we computed median arsenic concentrations across
- 128 grain types (rice, wheat, and corn) by country, as well as temporal trends in median
- 131 the concentrations of arsenic. When calculating the median concentrations of arsenic in
- 132 polished rice, we used 64% of the As concentration in brown rice (consistent with recent
- 134 rice), and 75.29% of the inorganic As concentration in brown rice, and 120.48% of the
- 138 The median concentrations of arsenic in rice, wheat, and corn were calculated for
- 139 countries other than China. For China, the median concentrations of arsenic were
- 152 The median concentrations of arsenic in rice, wheat, and corn were calculated for
- 155 trends, including stable contamination levels, improving or deteriorating patterns, and
- 160 significance of temporal changes, with particular attention to identifying the 62.5%
- 166 changing environmental conditions and the projected 25% increase in rice arsenic under
- 192 cereal consumption. Combining these intake values with the median concentrations of
- 205 calculates the MOE value as the ratio between the toxicity reference point (95%
- 238 median arsenic concentrations above 0.2 mg/kg occurring sporadically throughout
- 239 China, Pakistan, Nigeria, Bangladesh, Denmark (Figure 1b). Mid-range median values
- 240 spanning 0.05-0.1 mg/kg emerged across diverse Asian, European, and North American
- 248 United States (0.0386 mg/kg), Canada, South America, and Europe (Germany: 0.0327
- 249 mg/kg), as well as several Chinese provinces such as Jiangsu (0.0374 mg/kg) and
- 250 Chongqing (0.0446 mg/kg). Notable exceptions include specific Asian and African
- 252 mg/kg), and Nigeria (0.19 mg/kg), which demonstrate significantly elevated
- 253 contamination levels. The global median arsenic concentration in corn remains
- 271 Rice arsenic concentrations demonstrated a substantial 55% decline from 1979 (0.124
- 273 2006 (0.198 mg/kg) and an anomalous low in 2015 (0.034 mg/kg) (Figure 2a). Recent
- 275 However, high interannual variation (45.3%) undermines temporal stability, with
- 278 Wheat median arsenic concentrations displayed considerable temporal volatility
- 279 throughout the 1985-2021 monitoring period (Figure 2b), ranging from 0.008 mg/kg
- 280 (2005) to an exceptional peak of 0.256 mg/kg (2021). While most measurements
- 281 clustered within 0.01-0.15 mg/kg, the coefficient of variation reached 118%, reflecting
- 286 spanning the study duration (Figure 2c). Median values declined substantially from
- 288 regression analysis revealed a clear downward slope in median concentrations, with this
- 294 median) with greatest variability; wheat demonstrated exceptional instability with
- 326 accumulation by up to 60% (Li et al., 2024).
- 371 across cereals and geographic regions. Rice-associated MOE values ranged from 1.58
- 380 immediate health concerns, while most other regions maintained acceptable risk levels
- 400 across major cereal crops, with rice exhibiting the highest median concentrations (0.1
Methods (brief)
- 86 opportunities for contamination assessment and mitigation. HPLC-ICP-MS methods
- 104 We collected literature on arsenic in rice, wheat, and corn globally from the Web of
- 110 corn), number of samples tested, and concentrations of arsenic, including at least the
- 115 relevant standards including ICP-MS analysis protocols as recommended in recent
- 121 source type (planting or market purchase), grain type (rice, wheat, corn), sample size,
- 193 arsenic in rice, wheat, and corn samples from various countries, we calculated the
- 452 deficient areas. Analytical heterogeneity across studies, despite ICP-MS
- 538 analytical methodologies for inorganic arsenic speciation in food samples. TrAC
Implications
This page makes the source discoverable for category-level evidence routing. Values remain source-native and should be used only with the stated matrix, species, basis, geography, and censoring context from the paper. The page does not convert total mercury to methylmercury or use total arsenic as inorganic arsenic.
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Verification notes
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Update history
The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.