Impact of Submarine Groundwater Discharge,

Overview

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Key numbers

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• NASA Goddard Space Flight Center https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3095-1136
• License:   This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
• the Korean Peninsula from 1980 to 2016, utilizing established water balance methods. Our results
• development, affecting 15% of the coastline. Specifically, the increased development and agricultural
• land in South Korean coastal catchments have exacerbated vulnerability by 38% since 1990, driven by
• groundwater quality, and human proximity to the discharge zone3. On the Korean Peninsula, groundwater
• process in coastal aquifers4,5,6. Quantifying SGD estimates and examining their spatiotemporal
• seepage meters7,8,9, piezometers10, and the use of natural tracers such as radium and radon11,12,13.
• global (e.g., ref. 14,15) to regional perspectives (e.g., ref. 16,17,18). South Korea has been actively
• measurements and indirect isotopic methods6,13,19,20,21. However, there has been no attempt to estimate
• and approximate net recharge rates on a coarse resolution14,15,18. Despite the improvements, GLDAS still
• change on SGD variations across coastal catchments14,15.
• Information System framework22, benefiting from the incorporation of local precipitation forcing
• datasets and soil texture maps23,24. The KLDAS supports an effective hydrological monitoring system,
• KLDAS for the period 1980-2016. We investigate the spatial pattern of average fresh SGD rates,
• assess the influence of climate change on fresh SGD rate variations over a 37-year model period. We
• accounting for a significant portion at 43.6% of the total. Despite their substantial count, the SGD from
• (Extended Data Fig. 1). We exclude these minor islands to prevent potential statistical biases (Fig. 1).
• (Extended Data Fig. 1b). The drainage length, representing the average distance from any location in the
• islands (Extended Data Fig. 1c). Various land surface models were employed to calculate water budgets
• for coastal aquifers and estimate fresh SGD along the Korean Peninsula (Extended Data Table 1). The
• ensemble average for the entire domain was determined to be 279 m2/year, with the uncertainty in fresh
• (Fig 2). In the North Korean region, including areas like Pyongan, Hwangnam, and Hamgyong, both net
• differences play a crucial role in influencing high SGD rates5. Additionally, the West coast is
• SGD exhibits a rising trend across the entirety of the Korean Peninsula (Fig. 3a). This pattern aligns with
• the observed trend in net precipitation (Fig. 3b). Most regions in South Korea do not display statistically
• Seasonal patterns in fresh SGD rates (Figs. 4a-4d) closely mirror the precipitation dynamics, exhibiting
• continental high-pressure system. Notably, during the summer season, rainfall constitutes 54% of the
• and southern coasts of the Korean Peninsula during the summer (Fig. 4b). Conversely, watersheds along
• precipitation. Examining the seasonal trends of fresh SGD rates (Figs. 4e-4h), notable distinctions
• and fall (Fig. 4g) are subdued. The spring season is influenced by climate change, resulting in heightened
• coastal populations heavily rely (Fig. 5a). Our definition of vulnerability generally holds true when
• contamination, accounting for 15% of the entire coastline (Fig 5a). Vulnerable regions include the
• 1980 and 2010 from the Ministry of Environment of South Korea (https://egis.me.go.kr), developed and
• agricultural lands increased by 2% and 24%, respectively, in the Jeju Island area, which is situated along
• Fig. 5a also illustrates the vulnerability of coastal aquifers to saltwater intrusion. Saltwater intrusion can
• Gyeongnam) (Fig. 5a). Coastal aquifers in these areas cannot be directly used for agriculture, such as
• extraction and salinity damage during droughts caused by climate change. According to the 2022 Marine
• (https://www.groundwater.or.kr), a total of 225 in-situ gauges in South Korea show that 31% of gauges
• continuously decrease the level of coastal aquifers, and 38% of gauges continuously increase electrical
• conducted an analysis of sea level height data gathered from 21 coastal tide gauging stations. The
• findings also indicate that over the past 34 years (1989 to 2022), the sea level along the Korean coast

Methods (brief)

• (https://www.groundwater.or.kr). This report relied on data collected from 107 in-situ gauges and

Implications

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• Fish — marine, non-predatory (sardines, anchovies, salmon, cod)
• Shellfish (shrimp, crab, lobster, clams, oysters, mussels)
• Lead
• Aluminum

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Update history

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