under multi-metal exposure

Overview

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Key numbers

The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:

2021)-are cost-effective, highly reactive, and suitable for large-scale et al., 2022b). The detailed process of plant extract preparation and
65 ± 5%. After 45 days of sowing, various morphological and performed, cytoskeleton-associated processes were indirectly in-
phyll concentration. (0.5 g) was homogenized in 3 mL of 5% (v/v) sulfosalicylic acid and
with 2% ninhydrin. The reaction mixture was incubated at 95 °C for
lipid peroxidation (MDA) content by (Khan et al., 2020), and it represented the ADI of vegetables
fresh leaf sample (0.5 g) was homogenized in 5 mL of 0.1% Cmeatal IRintake Cft
at 6952 × g for 20 minutes in 10% potassium phosphate buffer. The
a fresh leaf sample was homogenized in 10 mL 0.1% TCA. by an individual; Cmetal: The concentration of heavy metal in
14000 × g. After mixing with 0.5% thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and 6 The rate at which vegetables are consumed by an individual; Cft
mL of 20% TCA, the supernatant (1.5 mL) was heated to 95 °C for (Conversion Factor): The factor used to convert fresh vegetable
(2020). Supplementary Table 1 contains a complete listing of the ized (Z-score transformation). Pearson’s r values were computed
sample was ﬁltered and adjusted to a volume of 50 ml using logical replicates (n = 3), with each replicate represented by one pot
Thermo Scientiﬁc UK; (Sharma et al., 2022)). For the determination cate where applicable, and mean values were used for
structures (Zhang et al., 2012). This aggregation behavior is likely primary level is within the nanoscale range, while secondary
rearrangement (Patil et al., 2023). The contrasting morphologies Moreover, the applied amendments signiﬁcantly enhanced soil
aggregation, resulting in porous clusters, whereas ZnONPs exhibit (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) increased by 24.80%,
for functional performance (Noimark et al., 2015). For instance, the (Mg) levels were elevated by 44.65% and 35.67%, respectively. These
et al., 2015). Accordingly, the use of soil passivators that stabilize the FPS+ZnONPs treatment (58.42%, 35.04%, and 42.73% for Cr, Cu,
respectively. Moreover, there was a signiﬁcant increase of 59.29%,
witnessed increments of 65.69%, 145.66%, and 185.69% in the
sediments applied at a rate of 35% (w/w); FPS+SiNPs = ﬁshpond incorporation of FPS, FPS+SiNPs, and FPS+ZnONPs signiﬁcantly
increased chlorophyll a by 34.36%, 44.08%, and 67.35%, chlorophyll
synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles. Values represent mean ± b by 21.29%, 45.04%, and 71.27%, carotenoids by 38.05%, 88.02%,
standard deviation (SD) of three biological replicates (n = 3). Bars and 272.53%, and SPAD index by 9.40%, 15.31%, and 38.86%,
metabolism FPS amendments. As shown in Table 1, soils contaminated with Cr,
tion, inhibit seedling development, and ultimately reduce plant reductions, leading to increases in Pn by 28.21%, 35.20%, and
biomass and yield (Stambulska et al., 2018). However, the applica- 37.07%; E by 32.88%, 40.89%, and 52.73%; Ci by 1.19%, 2.08%,
tion of FPS, FPS+SiNPs, and FPS+ZnONPs caused substantial and 3.27%; and Gs by 107.08%, 182.03%, and 272.53%, respectively.
increase in plant length, with improvements of 32.28%, 33.81%, Notably, the application of FPS+ZnONPs demonstrated the highest
and 56.44% in shoots and 108.11%, 100.40%, and 113.03% in roots, effectiveness in signiﬁcantly enhancing leaf Pn, E, Ci, and Gs. This
(n = 3). Bars with different letters indicate signiﬁcant differences among treatments at p < 0.05 according to one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s
145.54%, POD by 120.34%, CAT by 225.62%, and APX by FPS+SiNPs, and FPS+ZnONPs effectively increased protein and
(SoSOD, SoPOD, SoCAT, and SoAPX) are key components of +ZnONPs treatment, which resulted in a 190.53% rise in total
those in amended soils (Supplementary Table 2), indicating that 2020; Li et al., 2025). The extent of the increase, however, varies
+ZnONPs led to a decrease in proline levels by 40.69%, 66.60%, and FPS, FPS + SiNPs, and FPS + ZnONPs signiﬁcantly lowered H2O2
77.59%, respectively than control. Moreover, it was noted that FPS by 36.12%, 60.79%, and 68.80%, and reduced MDA by 39.56%,
+ZnONPs was most efﬁcient treatment for reducing the levels of 40.11%, and 69.31%, respectively, relative to the unamended control
nanoparticles. Values represent mean ± standard deviation (SD) of three biological replicates (n = 3). Bars with different letters indicate signiﬁcant
standard deviation (SD) of three biological replicates (n = 3). Bars with different letters indicate signiﬁcant differences among treatments at p < 0.05
tion in the shoots by 39.63%, 47.47%, and 59.32%, respectively, and transporters, facilitating vesicular trafﬁcking, and maintaining cel-
in the roots by 24.92%, 38.35%, and 60.53%, respectively. lular polarity, all of which are associated with regulated ion uptake
(n = 3). Bars with different letters indicate signiﬁcant differences among treatments at p < 0.05 according to one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s

Methods (brief)

have demonstrated the agronomic potential of remediated FPS for cm. The ﬁshpond sediments (FPS) were collected from Hainan,
analyses, plants from each replicate pot were sampled and analyzed framework
weight) of leaf was crushed and grounded under liquid nitrogen, treated samples was assessed using the nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT)
fresh leaf sample (0.5 g) was homogenized in 5 mL of 0.1% Cmeatal IRintake Cft
a fresh leaf sample was homogenized in 10 mL 0.1% TCA. by an individual; Cmetal: The concentration of heavy metal in
and shoots, plant samples underwent a washing process with glassware was rinsed at least three times with ultrapure water, oven-
soil. Dry plant material samples from each treatment were subjected personnel wore cotton coats and nitrile gloves, and all unused
to digestion in a triacid mixture (HNO3, H2SO4, and HClO4) at 80 ° instruments were properly covered to maintain a clean working
sample was ﬁltered and adjusted to a volume of 50 ml using logical replicates (n = 3), with each replicate represented by one pot
using an Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS; iCE 3000 series, metric analyses, technical measurements were performed in tripli-

Implications

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Verification notes

Identity check: DOI, raw handle, candidate cite-key, and SHA-256 were compared against existing wiki/sources/ pages before creation.
Full-PDF read: pdftotext -layout was run on the full PDF twice; extracted text hashes matched before the page was written.
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Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
b01ec52c	2026-08-04	major	2 sections added
d49e450f	2026-08-03	major	5 sections added; narrative text revised