diseases related to excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays. The

Overview

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Key numbers

The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:

potential risks, benefits, and existing knowledge gaps. Among the included studies (n = 54), all were primary
Therefore, a comprehensive review of the existing literature studies, divided into experimental (n = 51) and clinical (n = 3)
categorizing the different types of formulations, and critically (35.2%), followed by Europe (27.8%) and Brazil (27.8%),
analyzing the evidence regarding their safety. while North America (3.7%) and Oceania (5.5%) show more
of research conducted in Asia (35.2%), Europe (27.8%), Brazil (27.8%), Oceania (5.5%), and North America (3.7%). (B) Relative frequency of the
association of nanosystems (12.96%), as well as the use of of hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds.3 Alternatively,
nanoemulsions (NE) (3.70%), niosomes (3.70%), and nano- niosomes use surfactants instead of phospholipids, overcoming
structured lipid carriers (NLCs) (3.70%), while other systems, limitations such as chemical instability and high cost.16
capsules, appear sporadically (≅1.85% each) (Figure 2B). This and targeted release.17
Table 1. continued
McCulloch, M.; Trotter, J.; Stauber, J.; mulations and Differing UV Exposure ZnO nanoparticles enriched in the stable isotope 68Zn tracer was the basis of these
Green Oak, G.; 2012 Based on Stable Isotope Tracing tests with UV exposure
Table 1. continued
Table 1. continued
Liang, L.; Deva, A.; Polikarpov, M. A.; after Topical Application of ZnO research stable isotope of zinc-67 and ZnO-NP sunscreen applied to excised human skin
Zhang, J.; Zhang, S.; Yan, C.; Bi, J.; Han, Tint-Adjustable Pickering Emulsion primary�experimental China develop a series of amorphous polydopamine-coated silica nanoparticles SiO2-PDA
did not specify the evaluation model (Table 2).
Table 1. continued
Table 2. Assessment Methods, Results, and Conclusion of Included Studies
Table 2. continued
Rossi-Bergmann, B.; Pinto, E. human skin, plastic skin permeation of BZ3 by 70% in the epidermis and dermis and by 80% in the receptor fluid; more than SLN-BZ3 and both nanostructures increased the sun protection
Kasparova, L.; Safarova, K.; porcine skin remained on the skin surface, approximately 4% of TiO2 was detected in the stratum that there is no risk of systemic exposure via the bloodstream
Zalabak, DE.; 2012 nanoparticles (mean particle diameter 26 nm), only 45% of the recovered TiO2 remained on
M.; Gomez, L.; Casey, P.; back of volunteers; and are detectable in blood and urine, as observed in the outdoor test for 21 subjects demonstrate that small amounts of Zn from ZnO particles in sunscreen are
Table 2. continued
Santos-Oliveira, R.; dos San- dorsal skin of Wistar compared to the sunscreen mixture and the nanoemulsion without chitosan (NE1) NE containing chitosan proved to be more suitable as a vehicle for
Table 2. continued
Viswanathan, K.; Vaiyamalai, 1000 mg of cream was cumulative permeation and deposition indicated that a maximum of 45% penetration was the semisolid gel-based formulation offers many advantages such as decreased
B.; 2019 plied with the dorsal penetrated through the skin was 50% less than that of BZP cream; BZP molecules were tightly layers of the skin, thus reducing its systemic absorption and undesirable side
modified with skin from surfactants; the permeation of the active ingredient was 80.10% during the 8 h period of Aloe vera for a prolonged period of time
Table 2. continued
Zhang, J.; Zhang, S.; Yan, C.; Franz diffusion cells in the SiO2-PDA nanoparticles exhibited stable adhesion to the skin surface with little skin SiO2-PDCA nanoparticles are a potential candidate for tinted sunscreens or
E.; Lam, S.; Haute, V.; fusion cells but not in the receptor fluid of healthy skin; regarding TiO2 NPs, Ti levels were below the after exposure; the majority of applied TiO2 NPs (60%) remained on the
Suhard, D.; Valle, N.; detection limit at all sampling times, meaning that the applied dose of TiO2 was able to surface of healthy skin after 24 h; despite the loss of the most superficial
Table 2. continued
The complete strategy for each database is described in Table 3 and
(7) Wang, J.; Pan, L.; Wu, S.; Lu, L.; Xu, Y.; Zhu, Y.; Guo, M.; Formulations and Differing UV Exposure Based on Stable Isotope
Res. Public Health 2015, 12 (8), 9282−9297. Adjustable Pickering Emulsion Sunscreen Based on Polydopamine-

Methods (brief)

SBA-15SBA-15, liposomes, cyclodextrins, and polymeric nano- exhibit high deformability, which facilitates skin penetration
Simeoni, S.; Scalia, S.; Tursilli, R.; Influence of Cyclodextrin Complexation primary�experimental Italy to investigate the influence of cyclodextrins on the cutaneous availability of the cyclodextrins
tration and Retention of the (hydroxypropyl-α-cyclodextrin (HP-α-CD), sulfobutyl ether-β-cyclodextrin
Sunscreen Agent, Oxybenzone (SBE-β-CD), and hydroxypropyl-cyclodextrin (HP-c-CD)) was studied in water
Vergnanini, A. L.; de Brito-Gitirana, p-Methoxycinnamate included in lip- research cyclodextrins (CD) and compare several parameters in the different dispersions
L.; Volpato, N. M.; de Freitas, Z. M. osomes and cyclodextrins in antisolar
nanoparticles Finally, in inclusion complexes, cyclodextrins trap hydro-
from the breast and application of the cyclodextrin-free OXY solution the potentially associated toxicological effects risks
Pohlmann, A. R.; Guterres, S. concentration observed for the control sample; HEC-Q-NC-B3 showed a tendency to retain furthermore, the low content of BZP in the receptor fluids (Franz cells)
Trotter, J.; Stauber, J.; Green ples were collected urine; however, the extra amounts of Zn added to the blood over a 5-day
L.; Bessou-Touya, S.; Duplan, cine membrane between samples; no titanium was detected in the receptor fluid solar radiation
Priyadharshini, M. L.; Raman, surface of a skin sample; the drug on the skin retention time on the skin
C.; Oliveira, M. S.; Mussi, S. obtained in optional SC-NLC and emulsion samples, and no filters were detected in the receptor fluid skin absorption of the filters, making it safe for subsequent topical use; the
Y.-F.; Wang, B.-H.; Xu, swine dorsal skin into human skin; the decreased penetration of EHMC-pEGDMA was attributed to the
for the five microcapsule samples with different loading capacities and particle sizes, the
Pamella M. de Souza − Center for Microorganisms’ HP-c-CD hydroxypropyl-cyclodextrin
analysis. Z.M.F.d.F.: writing�review and editing, validation, SBE-β-CD sulfobutyl ether-β-cyclodextrin
CD cyclodextrins A.; Santos-Oliveira, R.; Santos Silva, R.; Lira Ribeiro, V.; Maria Faria

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Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
b01ec52c	2026-08-04	major	2 sections added
d49e450f	2026-08-03	major	5 sections added; narrative text revised