Seafood Using Bioaccessibility Correction

Overview

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Key numbers

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Ghorab and Shaohua Chen increase, even reaching 100% in P. vannamei. Generally, the bioaccessibility of all metalloids
Received: 18 April 2025 dropped below 100%, which suggests that only a part of the amount of metal in the initially
Accepted: 9 June 2025 the greatest value, up to 23% for minerals’ bioaccessibility in the same samples. The
of harmful elements, such as heavy metals (6). A wide range of various heavy metal
For example, HgT bioaccessibility in seaweed and lobster hepatopancreas was 3%
and 4% (18), and in tuna ranges from 13% to 19% (19), whereas in sardines, tuna, and
swordfish, it varies from 9% to 17% (20). Arsenic bioaccessibility is significantly greater in
bioaccessibility from 87% to 100% (34), and Se bioaccessibility in cooked cod measured
61% (35). Moreover, the total amount of ingested substances may not accurately reflect the
database (https://www.sealifebase.ca, accessed on 17 November 2024) (Table 1). Therefore,
and biomass (total length and total weight), which are reported in Table 1. Further on, the
Table 1. Taxonomic identification of seafood species and specimen biometric measurements (ex-
(n = 10) (Valenciennes, 1846)
(n = 10) Central
vessels and Suprapur® nitric acid (HNO3 65%) and perhydrol® (H2 O2 30% EMESURE® )
of detection (LOD) for the analyzed elements is as follows: Cd (LOD = 0.00006 µg L− 1 ),
Co (LOD = 0.000006 µg L− 1 ), Cr (LOD = 0.00005 µg L− 1 ), Cu (LOD = 0.00003 µg L− 1 ),
Fe (LOD = 0.0001 µg L− 1 ), Mn (LOD = 0.00005 µg L− 1 ), Ni (LOD = 0.00006 µg L− 1 ), Pb
Table 2. Recovery rates (%) for the analyzed reference material.
considered adequate (n = 10), further bioaccessibility analysis was carried out only using
and 65% nitric acid (Merck, Germany).
tissues of the analyzed seafood species (Table 3).
level set by the European Union (Table 4) in the case of Pb concentration in U. duvaucelli
Table 3. Concentration levels of heavy metals (mean ± SD) in the muscle tissue of analyzed species, expressed as µg g−1 .
Table 4. Maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs, based on (EU) 2023/915.
It seems that lead (Pb) recorded the strongest increase, even reaching 100% in the
P. vannamei sample and over 80% in the case of O. vulgaris (for both components—head and
second specimen of M. chilensis is regarding Mn and As. Most values below 10% for each
exceeding 100% values. These results are in perfect correlation with the bioaccessibility
low recovery rate values, up to 50%.
Table 5 displays the chemical elements found in the analyzed seafood samples using
Table 5. Element concentrations in fresh seafood analyzed using TXRF.
values, ranging from 8.00% (in the case of P. vannamei) to 22.79% (in the case of a specimen
has a bioaccessibility percentage of 23.12% in the same sample where the highest rate of
15 analyzed samples. However, a percentage of only 9% of the total existing in the sample
both head and tentacles. The bioaccessibility values for P varied between 6 and 20%. The
calcium could only be calculated in one sample and recorded a value of 5% bioaccessibility
and a relevant value of 50% for Zn.
The maximum recovery rate of 93.47% was calculated for Ca, and also in the case of a
calcium recovery rate, ranging from 20.16% to 94%.
U. duvaucelli (Table 6). From all the analyzed species, the highest risk of Pb exposure
bivalve M. chilensis (Table 6).

Methods (brief)

out to determine the bioaccessibility of these elements by simulating the digestion process
Revised: 5 June 2025 ingested sample can be absorbed by the human organism. Potassium and sulfur registered
Accepted: 9 June 2025 the greatest value, up to 23% for minerals’ bioaccessibility in the same samples. The
Bioaccessibility Correction. J. Xenobiot. between the Hazard Index and the most abundant elements in the samples, Cr, Zn, and
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Keywords: seafood contamination; dietary exposure; in vitro digestion; health risk;
is determined not just by exposure, but also by the amount produced during digestion and
their specific properties under special digestion conditions. For example, methylmercury
digestion process (17).
be explored using in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. It is a cost-effective and predictable
bacteria may have an impact on the interactions observed during digestion.
The in vitro approach cannot reproduce the entire absorption and digestion pro-
treatment and digestion process.
(b) The performance of the bioaccessibility study using the three-step in vitro digestion model;
in our study, a total number of 9 seafood species were sampled as follows: 3 bivalve
liminary investigation of the samples included the evaluation of biometric measurements
cephalopod species where samples of tentacles and head were collected) was collected and
homogenized using a plastic utensil. The samples were then transferred into polyethylene
bags and stored in the freezer until analysis. In order to prepare the samples for further

Implications

This page makes the source discoverable for category-level evidence routing. Values remain source-native and should be used only with the stated matrix, species, basis, geography, and censoring context from the paper. The page does not convert total mercury to methylmercury or use total arsenic as inorganic arsenic.

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Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
b01ec52c	2026-08-04	major	2 sections added
d49e450f	2026-08-03	major	5 sections added; narrative text revised