on day 7 (6.4 mg/L), followed by a drastic decrease, indicating high fluctuation. The control treatment (K) showed

Overview

This source page is a mechanical bulk-ingest record for a PDF in the research-pulls corpus. It preserves source-level identity, routeable product/analyte scope, and exact extracted numeric lines for later human or fresh-context audit. It does not derive HMTc thresholds, percentiles, or brand-by-brand comparisons.

Key numbers

The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:

• (from 731 mg/L to 477 mg/L). Treatment P3 also demonstrated good effectiveness, particularly in reducing am-
• on day 7 (6.4 mg/L), followed by a drastic decrease, indicating high fluctuation. The control treatment (K) showed
• and stable market demand (Gajah et al., 2025). vironmental challenges, including pollution and
• minutes and then weighed until a stable mass was ammonia concentration reached 2.57 mg/L, sur-
• achieved. TDS was calculated using the formula, passing the permissible threshold of >0.5 mg/L,
• RESULTS AND DISCUSSION lowed by a slight increase to 0.05 mg/L on day
• ing 6.4 mg/L, before decreasing to 3.33 mg/L on
• The results of the chemical characterization day 14 and 0.11 mg/L on day 21. In treatment P3,
• eters such as ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, total nitro- significantly to 0.06 mg/L and 0.04 mg/L on days
• requirements for freshwater aquaculture ponds as 0.12 mg/L throughout the observation period.
• luted, as several values exceeded the established concentration by up to 87%, which is attributed
• Table 1. Initial characterization of common carp pond water samples
• Nitrate 21.4 20 mg/L Polluted
• Nitrite 0.35 0.06 mg/L Polluted
• Potassium 11.08 10 mg/L Polluted
• Total nitrogen 3.6 2 mg/L Polluted
• Ammonia 2.57 0.5 mg/L Polluted
• observation period showed that all treatments spinach, from 206 mg/L to 20.4 mg/L. Similar-
• from the initial value of 2.64 mg/L, although with showed a decrease to 26.6 mg/L. Treatment P3,
• which utilized water spinach alone, nitrate con- a reduction to 88.9 mg/L. In contrast, the con-
• to 3.40 mg/L on day 7, followed by a gradual ach is highly effective in reducing BOD levels,
• decline to 0.96 mg/L by day 21. Treatment P3, demonstrating strong phytoremediation capabili-
• ing 1.13 mg/L on day 21. In the control group (K), ter aeration through photosynthesis, facilitating
• Abdullahi et al., 2021). by up to 90%. Duckweed treatment is associated
• decreased markedly from an initial 505 mg/L to tively less effective than single-plant treatments in
• 51.1 mg/L by day 21. Similarly, in treatment P2 reducing COD levels. Each plant species has dif-
• mg/L. However, in treatment P3, which com- rianti et al., 2025). The organic matter content
• slower, reaching 101.1 mg/L. In contrast, the higher and requires chemical decomposition pro-
• high COD level of 505 mg/L. may increase with the accumulation of organic
• standard of 40 mg/L for carp aquaculture ponds TDS values
• activity and the excretion of organic substances mg/L on day 7 to 477 mg/L on day 21. In treat-
• ic plants was less effective than the single-plant gradual decrease to 651 mg/L. In treatment P3,
• interactions between duckweed by-products and TDS value was recorded on day 7 at 968 mg/L
• P3 was less optimal in absorbing dissolved com- ranged between 6 and 7, which is still considered

Methods (brief)

• ute to increased ammonia production, as proteins samples, indicating its suitability as a phytoreme-
• tions, ranging from water exchange and biologi- Sample collection and preparation
• (Ali et al., 2020; Elya et al., 2023). ica) and duckweed (Lemna minor) were collected
• weed are two types of aquatic plants that grow a period of four days. Water samples were collected
• Initial characterization of the pond water compound indophenol. A sample of 10 mL of
• ed through various analytical methods. Nitrate sample, then added with 0.4 mL of phenol solu-
• Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). ter samples was determined using the cadmium
• Phytoremediation treatment water sample is reduced to nitrite by passing it
• Water samples from common carp aqua-
• – combination of water spinach and duckweed; A 300 mL water sample of common carp
• on day 0, day 7, day 14, and day 21. gen in the initial sample was determined using the
• was applied to the incubated sample. By compar- ammonium sulfate (FAS) until a color transition
• the incubation period, the resulting difference COD of the water sample is determined by cal-
• provides the BOD value for the water sample. culating the difference in the volume of potas-
• A volume of 100 ml of the water sample in-
• tended for treatment was collected. Potassium
• sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) were subsequently intro- measure total dissolved solids. A 10 mL sample
• rials present in the sample. To mitigate the poten- filter paper and then transferred into a petri dish.

Implications

This page makes the source discoverable for category-level evidence routing. Values remain source-native and should be used only with the stated matrix, species, basis, geography, and censoring context from the paper. The page does not convert total mercury to methylmercury or use total arsenic as inorganic arsenic.

Wiki pages this source may touch

• Fish — marine, non-predatory (sardines, anchovies, salmon, cod)
• Shellfish (shrimp, crab, lobster, clams, oysters, mussels)
• Mercury
• Cadmium
• Lead
• Chromium

Verification notes

• Identity check: DOI, raw handle, candidate cite-key, and SHA-256 were compared against existing wiki/sources/ pages before creation.
• Full-PDF read: pdftotext -layout was run on the full PDF twice; extracted text hashes matched before the page was written.
• Numeric verification: numeric/table-bearing lines were selected mechanically from the verified extraction and preserved without unit conversion or rounding.
• Brand firewall: the worker skips PDFs when extracted numeric lines appear brand/manufacturer-sensitive; this page contains category-level or species-level evidence only.
• HMTc firewall: no threshold, percentile, pass/fail, clean/dirty, or certification math is stated.

Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.