inorganic matrices. In this study, sunscreen formulations were

Overview

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humid areas.8−10 Additionally, the fruit of N. variegata is Reagents. Titanium(IV) isopropoxide�97% (Sigma-Al-
known in folk medicine, where its tea is used to treat cough, drich), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)�98.0%
bronchitis, flu, and pneumonia. Previous studies have (NEON), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)�99.9% (Sigma-
demonstrated that this plant exhibits antimicrobial, antinoci- Aldrich), methanol�99.8% (Dinâmica), ethanol�99.8%
ceptive, and gastroprotective activities, as well as antioxidant (Dinâmica), ethyl acetate�99.8% (Dinâmica), chloroform�
and photoprotective properties, possibly associated with the 98.8% (Impex), and n-hexane�99.0% (Impex). All reagents
dioxide, bis-ethylhexyloxyphenol methoxyphenyl triazine, of a 15% Na2CO3 solution were added, followed by additional
mL−1 and analyzed using a spectrophotometer in the range of
wavelength. Furthermore, EE (λ) and I (λ) values were Å). For XRD analyses 2θ-range from 1.5 to 80° with scanning
previously calculated by Sayre et al.32,33 as described in Table rate of 2° min−1 and voltage/current standard (40 kV/30 mA).
Table 1. Erythemogenic Effect (EE) versus Radiation samples in powder form, were analyzed in transmittance mode,
of using these cosmetic products in humans, since these (ESI) source in negative mode in the mass range m/z 100 to
ray diffraction (XRD) pattern involving mesoporous TiO2 has indicated in Table 2, the characteristic crystallographic planes
Table 2. 2θ Values for the Anatase Phase of TiO2 and N. variegata Extracts Incorporated into Mesoporous TiO2
Table 3. 2θ Values for the Rutile Phase of N. variegata Extracts Incorporated into Mesoporous TiO2
extracts into mesoporous TiO2 caused significant changes in average mass loss of 0.7% across all systems, attributed to the
Nv-Hex, and 3.42% for Ti-Nv-CHCl3. This variation in mass
TiO2. This supports the existence of intermolecular inter- mass loss of 0.80%.59,60
an increase in intensity for the mesoporous TiO2-incorporated estimated to be 0.65% for Ti-Nv-AcOEt, 0.75% for Ti-Nv-
can be observed between pure TiO2 and the mesoporous TiO2 TiO2 matrices, although in low percentages (<2.10%), while
presented in Table 4. A significant variation was observed
Table 5. Compounds Identified in the Mass Spectra of N. variegata Extracts
mass spectra of N. variegata extracts are shown in Table 5. low toxicity at concentrations ranging from 10 to 250 μg mL−1,
Toxicity in Blood Agar. The results of the hemolytic with survival rates exceeding 90%. However, at higher
among the bioactive extracts of N. variegata (ethyl acetate, salina was significantly reduced to 33%, indicating a dose-
replicates, with the formation of a halo approximately 8 mm in with 93% survival at 10 μg mL−1 and 67% at 100 μg mL−1.
TiO2 also showed slight hemolysis (−/+), indicating that the onward, reaching only 27% at the highest concentration tested.
63% viability even at 10 μg mL−1 and reaching critical levels
From 250 ppm onward, a slight reduction in survival was
detected (93.3%), becoming more pronounced at concen- Figure 8. Spreadability of sunscreen formulations based on
mortality: at the concentration of 1000 ppm, the survival phase used in the incorporation of the extracts can directly
rate increased from 3% (Nv-EtOH) to 70% (Ti-Nv-EtOH). influence the rheological behavior of the formulations.
increased from 6.7% to 86.7% and 80%, respectively. Similar containing sunscreens must exhibit good spreadability to
at 1000 ppm decreased from 96.7% (Nv-Hex) to 30% (Ti-Nv- Protection Factor (SPF) on the skin. The observed results,
60% even at the highest concentrations. These results are Sun Protection Factor (SPF) values of N. variegata extracts
commercial standard formulation, were evaluated at 298 K. fractions, as shown in Table 2. The presence of metabolites
The mean pH values were as follows: P−Ti−Nv-AcOEt (6.57 with antioxidant properties enhances UV radiation absorption
formulation and fall within the range considered safe and exhibited lower SPF values (3.9 and 1.1, respectively),
Orange Using Nitrogen-Functionalized Mesoporous TiO2 Decorated Colorimetry for On-Site Determination of Total Phenolic Content in

Methods (brief)

Plant Material. The leaves of N. variegata were collected in
enhancing the protection these products provide to the skin. samples were identified and deposited by a botanist from the
mesoporous TiO2 was performed using the hydrothermal impregnated with 25.00 μL aliquots of each tested sample.
condensation of TIP in the ethanolic medium (EtOH). The hatched larvae were collected for the bioassay. Seawater was
oven at 373 K for 2 h. Then, the CTAB surfactant was For the assay, triplicate solutions of the samples were
porous TiO2. The loading/incorporation assays of the extracts the larvae were kept in contact with the samples for 24 h. After
at 310 K. After this period, the TiO2 samples loaded with the samples, across the different phases studied, was performed by
cetostearyl alcohol, ceteareth-20, carbomer, triethanolamine, the samples was measured at λ = 750 nm using glass cuvettes.
Toxicological Tests. Hemolytic Activity on Blood Agar. of the samples at a concentration of 1000 μg mL−1 was
The hemolytic activity assays were performed in quadruplicate, prepared by dissolving 5 mg of each sample in 5 mL of HPLC-
concentration was used as a positive control, while dimethyl In 96-well microplates, 35 μL of each sample (multichannel
sulfoxide (DMSO), the solvent used for sample dilution, micropipette 10−300 μL) was transferred and mixed with 215
the tested sample solutions (35 μL) mixed with methanol (215 Determination of Spreadability. The spreadability data is
(AbsDPPH (Abssample Abs blank )) × 100
%AA = plate positioned on graph paper. Then, the sample was
Where, AbsDPPH is the initial absorbance of the methanolic known weight was placed over the sample. After 1 min, the
DPPH solution, Abssample is the absorbance of the reaction diameters covered by the sample in opposite positions were
mixture containing the sample and DPPH; Absblank is the read, with the aid of graph paper, and then the average

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Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
b01ec52c	2026-08-04	major	2 sections added
d49e450f	2026-08-03	major	5 sections added; narrative text revised