Overview
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Key numbers
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- citron daylily vegetable cropping system on a sandy brown alluvial soil. Two biochar application rates (0 and 30 t
- 80% of full irrigation quota; APRDI, alternate partial root-zone drip irrigation with 80% of full irrigation quota)
- flower bud yield by 18–28% compared to CDI and WSDI, likely due to improved nitrate use efficiency evidenced
- in a reduction of yield by 27% under APRDI. Additionally, WSDI with reduced yields, decreased soil TN in the
- sub-surface layer (20–50 cm) with 9–19% by comparison with other two irrigation regimes, resulting in higher
- TN concentration in the soil solution (14–28%) in and thus an increased risk for N leaching. However, after the
- nitrogen decline in the 0–50 cm layer by enhancing organic nitrogen retention capacity for nearly 16–85%.
- 2023; Toensmeier et al., 2020). Perennial crops, planted only once and vegetable fields would enhance soil nitrogen retention and reduce ni
- 2020). Perennial vegetables are cultivating for their edible vegetative would vary depending on different irrigation regimes, and (3) the effects
- growth or reproductive structure, accounting for 33–56% of vegetable of biochar application and irrigation regimes on soil N status and crop
- species and 6% of the world’s vegetable land (Toensmeier et al., 2020). yield would differ across different planting years on perennial vegeta
- sive rainfall or irrigation (Dai et al., 2016). Reducing N fertilization and as temperate semi-humid continental monsoon climate with mean
- applying water-saving irrigation can control N leaching effectively annual rainfall of 625 mm and mean annual temperature of 11.5 ℃
- in soils with biochar additions may be helpful to ease N leaching (Sheng was taken for further analysis (Table 1).
- water by 20–30% without a significant reduction of crop yield (Liang Bulk density (g cm− 1) 1.25 1.67 1.64
- (CDI), water-saving drip irrigation with 80% of full irrigation quota (Wuest and Gollany, 2013).
- (WSDI) and alternate partial root-zone drip irrigation with 80% of full
- citron daylily in each year (From April to November). The fertilizers key’s test at the 5% confidence level was followed to test for significant
- more details are shown in Table 2. (IBM, USA). All the figures were constructed by the Origin Pro v9.1
- analyzing the TN content. The TN content in the flower was determined that in 2017 (Fig. 1, Table S4). In 2017, the APRDI regime significantly
- In the field trial, Pressurized Soil Water Samplers (WS180, Hangzhou of 27%. However, in 2018, no significant effects of biochar application
- CDI: Conventional drip irrigation, WSDI: water-saving drip irrigation (80% of conventional drip irrigation), APRDI: alternative partial root-zone drip irrigation (80%
- deviation of the mean (n = 3). Different letters indicate significant difference at p < 0.05 (LSD) for treatments.
- error bars represent the standard deviation of the mean (n = 3). Different letters indicate significant difference at p < 0.05 (LSD) for treatments.
- regimes, WSDI significantly reduced nitrogen accumulation in flower significant increment of NH+ 4 -N (Table 3, Table S2). Both NO3-N and
- The planting year significantly influenced soil N status (Table S3).
- regimes (Table 3). No effect of irrigation regimes was observed. The
- §CDI-Conventional drip irrigation, WSDI-water-saving drip irrigation (80% of conventional drip irrigation), APRDI-alternative partial root-zone drip irrigation (80% of
- ‡The value was given as mean ± SD. Different letters indicates significant difference (p < 0.05) of treatments.
- in different planting years (Fig. 3, Table S3). The TN concentration of and irrigation regimes varied across different growing years (Table S1).
- that in 2018 (Fig. 3, Table S3). In the first planting year with less flower tion significantly enhanced flower bud yield of citron daylily (Fig. 1).
- irrigation regimes during citron daylily growing season in 2017 and 2018. The error bars represent the standard deviation of the mean (n = 3). Different letters
- flower bud yield by 27%, while it showed no impact on flower yield maintaining conducive soil water status for nitrification and denitrifi
- tation (Brtnicky et al., 2021). However, our study found no effect of 2021), was influenced by three irrigation regimes (Table 3). Compared
- biochar application on soil pH (Table S1). The biochar-induced decline to the CDI regime, the APRDI regime decreased the soil IN pool along the
- of yield in the study may be triggered with the nitrate capture by the soil profile (0–100 cm) after the harvest of 2017 (Table S2). The APRDI
- increase of soil C/N ratio in the surface layer (0–20 cm) (Table S1). The may enhance microbial activities and soil respiration rate through soil
- Soil TN retention is ultimately determined by the balance between N Table S2). In the surface layer (0–20 cm), where crop roots are pre
- neither biochar application nor irrigation regimes had any effect on soil with elevated levels of soil NH+ 4 -N and NO3 -N under CDI (Table 3,
- TN concentration in the surface layer (0–20 cm). However, the WSDI Table S2). Given the unaltered soil organic N (ON) pool (Table S2),
- from 20 to 100 cm (Table 1). The WSDI regime resulted in the lowest losses rather than increasing soil N mineralization rate (Gao et al.,
- from 0 to 50 cm due to biochar application (Table S2) suggested higher decline in soil surface N levels through soil ON retention and decreased
Methods (brief)
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Crop Science Section, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegaard Allé 13, Taastrup DK-2630, Denmark
- enhance nutrient availability (Haider et al., 2017; Sun et al., 2019). field trail, three soil cores were randomly collected in the experimental
- co-Canqui et al., 2017; Liu et al., 2018; Sohi et al., 2010; Hossain et al., to analyze the soil physiochemical properties. The samples were trans
- bonding capacity for nutrients like N, and can improve soil aggregate siduals and debris were removed. The three soil samples from each layer
- Mukherjee et al., 2014). In addition, the different microbial community through 2-mm sieve. Then a portion of the soil samples from each layer
- In the field trial, Pressurized Soil Water Samplers (WS180, Hangzhou of 27%. However, in 2018, no significant effects of biochar application
- solution after heavy rains. The solution collected was filtered through flower bud under the same irrigation regimes (Fig. 2a). Moreover, the
- digestion- ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometry method (Ebina lation in 2017 by two orders of magnitude (Fig. 2b). No significant
- were sampled from each treatment along the profile (0–20 cm, irrigation regimes altered nitrogen accumulation in flower buds in 2017
- purities were removed and then the soil samples were thoroughly mixed. in flower buds, with a significant effect observed under both WSDI and
- Each fresh soil sample was divided into two parts. One part was air-dried APRDI regimes. Particularly, compared to the other two irrigation
- Fig. 3. Effects of biochar application on average concentration of TN (mg L− 1) in soil solution collected from soil profile (0–20, 20–50, 50–100 cm) under three
- overview of the Kjeldahl method of nitrogen determination. Part II. Sample Zheng, Y., Cui, X., Guo, Z., Chen, Y., Feng, L., He, S., Zhang, X., Lau, A.K.H.L.,
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