Justine Briard, Sophie Ayrault, Matthieu Roy-Barman, Louise Bordier, Maxime

Overview

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Key numbers

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94 Even though the median Pb isotope ratio of the honey samples (median 206Pb/207Pb ratio of
123 A large range of elements were analyzed on the diverse samples collected in NDdP: the
128 building, the Pb stable isotope ratio was also measured on “construction” Pb samples from
160 substrates (wood, metal, glass, fabric – described in Table S1) at the ground and first floors
168 revealed dust trapped in a fiber aggregate (Table S1). The two different matrices were
174 using a chisel at 2 sites of the vaults (Table S1). To summarize, 23 samples are analyzed in this
178 in the studied buildings: Chartres cathedral (n=14) and the Sainte-Chapelle of Paris (n=8).
187 65-71% HClO4: TraceMetal grade, Fisher Scientific). The first step consisted of adding 4 mL HF
203 analyzed and its interferants (Table S2). The certified riverine water standard SRM-1640a
206 obtained for the CRMs were within 15% of the certified values, and within 10% (except Mg
207 and Al: 30 %) for BCR-723 and SL-1, respectively. The standard deviation (SD) was lower than
208 5% except for Ag (10 %). For more details, see the Supporting Information.
216 ± 0.0008. The 2σ errors (2SD) of isotope ratios are 0.29% and 0.27% for the 206Pb/207Pb and
220 0.13% and 0.09%, 0.16% and 0.16%, for IAEA lake sediment SL-1 and IRMM road dust BCR-
231 isotopic ratios are better than 250 ppm (2SD). The 208Pb/206Pb and 206Pb/207Pb ratio results
235 The Pb concentrations of the NDdP samples ranged from 24.6 to 967.9 g kg -1 (median:
237 glass, metal substrates and the painting fragment were very close to the median value
244 dusts; yellow = crust; gray = metal; pink = painting; blue = fabric; green = stained glass) and the symbol
256 measured elements are given in Table S4.
260 range between 1.1584 ± 0.0040 and 1.1780 ± 0.0033 (median: 1.1684) and 208Pb/206Pb values
267 window and metal substrate (Figure 3; Table S4). The Pb isotope ratios of samples collected
272 and the color corresponds to substrate type where samples were collected in cathedral (brown =
273 wood; black = vault dusts; yellow = crust; gray = metal; pink = painting; blue = fabric; green = stained
276 The samples representative for the NDdP fire dust (n=9, see section 5.1) were also
278 ratios at SARM. The Pb isotopic signatures average (median values) 18.252 ± 0.001 for
206Pb/204Pb, 15.634 ± 0.002 for 207Pb/204Pb and 38.307 ± 0.007 for 208Pb/204Pb (Table S7).
281 The Pb isotopic signatures obtained in construction Pb of the Sainte-Chapelle ranged
282 between 1.1760 ± 0.0089 and 1.1856 ± 0.0138 (median: 1.1829) for 206Pb/207Pb values and
283 between 2.0736 ± 0.0086 and 2.1011 ± 0.0259 (median: 2.0828) for 208Pb/206Pb values. They
285 1.1793 ± 0.0065 and 1.1882 ± 0.0103 (median: 1.1858) for 206Pb/207Pb ratios and between
286 2.0616 ± 0.0202 and 2.0914 ± 0.0139 (median: 2.0771) for 208Pb/206Pb ratios (Table S5).
331 samples collected on wood furniture, the Pb concentration range was between 70.9 and 281.6
360 cathedral (brown = wood; black = vault dusts; yellow = crust; gray = metal; pink = painting; blue = fabric;
361 green = stained glass). The sample matrix is represented by the outline color of the dots; the black
377 median values at 1.1664 ± 0.0034 and 2.1000 ± 0.0051 respectively. These ratio values are
394 dust, called the “urban” Pb, is characterized by relatively high 208Pb/206Pb ratios (range: 2.088–
395 2.115; median: 2.107) and low 206Pb/207Pb ratios (range: 1.142–1.166; median: 1.155) (Figs 4
403 Chartres Cathedral; Table S5) and the 17th century (Versailles Palace; Pons-Branchu et al.,
405 1.1882 ± 0.0103 (Chartres Cathedral) (Table S5; Figure 5). Three of the 8 undated Pb artifacts
438 the concentrations of these elements are correlated (Table 1). Tin (Sn) presents also high
444 tables and/or the use of Sn in solder used for welding. These diverse uses of Sn may explain
447 environmental atmospheric particle and street dust samples Table 1). In literature, several

Methods (brief)

30 geochemical fingerprint of the roof lead, as well as no particle collected during the fire, were
36 ratios) and elemental ratios were determined in 23 Pb-rich samples collected inside NDdP. We
37 determined that the dust collected on wood substrates on the first floor was most
38 representative of fire emissions. These samples were the analyzed for the 4 Pb isotopes (204,
62 (Tognet and Truchot, 2019). Another study, based on the analysis of various soil samples,
68 of an environmental impact of the fire is less clear. The analysis of dusts and soils collected in
70 samples collected under the plume (van Geen et al., 2020). Nevertheless, high Pb
92 high Pb concentrations. Indeed honey samples were collected in Paris in the months following
94 Even though the median Pb isotope ratio of the honey samples (median 206Pb/207Pb ratio of
96 of 1.157±0.003, Ayrault et al., 2014), the Pb content of the honey collected under the plume
98 drawn without a comparison of the environmental samples with the fire emission signature.
99 Unfortunately, no atmospheric particle was sampled during the fire.
100 Glorennec et al. (2021) determined the Pb isotope ratio in dust collected during July
102 sampling method used did not allow any elemental analysis or observations of the collected
104 contamination of the samples with pre-fire dust. The determined fire isotopic signature
112 using all the available dust samples collected inside the cathedral. First, (1) we developed an
113 appropriate step-by-step strategy to reveal the samples most representative of the fire
117 samples representative of the dust emitted during the fire, we determined the geochemical

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Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
b01ec52c	2026-08-04	major	2 sections added
d49e450f	2026-08-03	major	5 sections added; narrative text revised