Overview
This source page is a mechanical bulk-ingest record for a PDF in the methylmercury infant-formula research pull. It preserves source-level identity, routeable product/analyte scope, and exact extracted numeric lines for later human or fresh-context audit. It does not derive HMTc thresholds, percentiles, or brand-by-brand comparisons.
Key numbers
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- Merel S van Vliet,1 Janneke M Schultink,2 Gerry Jager,2 Jeanne HM de Vries,2 Judi Mesman,1
- Hovannouhi Houniet,4 and Shelley MC van der Veek1
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands; 2 Division of Human Nutrition and Health,
- Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands; 3 Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands; and 4 Nutricia Nederland
- Methods: Our 4-arm randomized controlled trial included 246 first-time Dutch mothers and their infants. Interventions
- started when infants were 4–6 mo old and ended at age 16 mo. The present study evaluated effects at 18 (t18) and 24
- (t24) mo of age. Vegetable acceptance was assessed using three 24-h dietary recalls, self-regulation of energy intake
- with 20%), although this finding needs to be interpreted cautiously due to the small number of infants with overweight
- and nonsignificant effects on the continuous BMI z-score measure (P values: 0.29–0.82). Finally, more sensitive feeding
- mostly at t18 (significant effect sizes: d = 0.23–0.64).
- trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03348176. J Nutr 2022;152:386–398.
- as sufficient vegetable consumption (4, 5) and self-regulation of
- developing type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and certain
- The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society for Nutrition. This is an Open Access article distributed under the
- terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use,
- Manuscript received June 17, 2021. Initial review completed September 21, 2021. Revision accepted November 5, 2021.
- and satiety (6, 7)) from an early age onwards is crucial (8, 28, and 40 wk of age, where several topics on what (e.g., fruit
- 9). Because parents largely determine what and how children and vegetables, water, and snacking), when (e.g., introducing
- complementary feeding (CF) seem a promising way to foster to eat, modeling, and family meals) were addressed (19).
- vegetable consumption (the what of CF), repeatedly exposing behavior. At the age of 1 y, no effects on vegetable intake
- and thereby reduce the risk of developing overweight (12, 13), practices were reported in the intervention group (20). Although
- not pressure infants to eat beyond satiation (12, 13). Moreover, instead of observation, and therefore prone to social desirability.
- (14). In contrast, parents who feed in a responsive way allow enables inferences about the efficacy of these different types of
- To date, 2 large randomized controlled trials (RCTs) intervention (RVE), focusing on the “what”) was compared
- and vegetable intake (15) and less rapid weight gain (16, parenting–feeding infants (VIPP-FI), focusing on the “how”)
- 17)): the NOURISH trial and the INSIGHT trial (18, 19). (21). Within an RCT design, the 2 interventions were ad-
- In the NOURISH trial, mothers received 12 interactive group ministered separately as well as combined (COMBI), and
- intervention sessions concerned repeated exposure to healthy of complementary foods (age 4–6 mo; baseline t0) and lasted
- foods, avoiding unhealthy foods, responsive feeding, modeling, throughout the first year of CF, until the age of 16 mo. In
- less use of some nonresponsive feeding strategies (16). Finally, evaluated. With respect to child outcomes, we hypothesized
- when averaging data of 3.7 and 5 y, a greater combined fruit and that: 1) all interventions (RVE, VIPP-FI, COMBI) would be
- points. In the INSIGHT trial, 4 home visits took place at 3, 16, would be more effective in supporting self-regulation of energy
- risk than the vegetable-exposure or control condition; and 3)
- Research (NWO; grant number 057–14-002). As part of the requirements of the combined intervention would be more effective than the
- this grant, Danone Nutricia Research has funded this project in kind (salary other 2 interventions alone in promoting vegetable intake. With
- of researchers involved in the project). Danone Nutricia Research and Nutricia respect to maternal outcomes, we hypothesized that 4) the
- Supplemental Figure 1 and Supplemental Table 1 are available from the
- Abbreviations used: AC, attention-control condition; BEBQ, Baby Eating Behav- randomized controlled design that was conducted from 2 study
- CEBQ-T, Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire, Toddler; CF, complementary and carried out in 4 provinces (Zuid-Holland, Noord-Holland,
- vegetable exposure intervention; SR, satiety responsiveness; t0, baseline at Supplemental Figure 1 (21). As soon as parents decided to participate,
- child age 4–6 mo; t18, first follow-up measurement at child age 18 mo; t24, written informed consent was obtained from both parents. The protocol
- second follow-up measurement at child age 24 mo; VIPP-FI, video-feedback was approved by the Ethical Review Board of Education and Child
Methods (brief)
- construct validity (29). In our sample, internal consistency ranged from Self-reported feeding behavior. The Infant Feeding Style Question-
- data collected on days that a child was sick were excluded, therefore and large effect, respectively (49). All analyses were performed with
- justification of the sample size are described elsewhere (21).
- mo, the average daily vegetable intake of our sample was 87 lacking. Alternatively, it has been posed that heritability of
- overall high vegetable intake could have been related to sample might need to specifically target children’s environment and
- subgroups within our sample, which was found in another enough to achieve effects on child weight (gain). Our findings
- sample as well, and that interventions affect certain types of FI condition, compared with the COMBI condition. Although
- their child vegetables. Because in our sample vegetable intake were introduced to solid food with a BLW approach displayed
- sample consisted mainly of well-educated Caucasian families vegetable intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic
- program. These sample characteristics might have led to a
- a more heterogeneous sample or perhaps specifically focus on energy intake regulation in children. Appetite 2020;155:104830.
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Update history
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