compounds that can be further valorized in the formulation of food, nutraceuticals, and pharmacological prod-

Overview

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Key numbers

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bagasse. About 50 wt.% of it was composed of cellulose and hemicellulose. Also, in the bagasse, the ascorbic acid
content was in a range of 180–200 mg/100 g, which is higher than other fruits and vegetables. Moreover, al-
analysis, a remanent of 20% of the initial weight suggested the formation of a rich-carbon solid, which could
etary ﬁbers, minerals, carotenes, and polyphenols, among other phyto- donated the CA of the varieties (i) Regional 8315 (orange) and (ii)
has been found in CA (9) is higher than observed in oranges (10). Sugars fruits were stored at -20 C to avoid degradation of components. For the
value-added products in food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical common phytochemicals. Tests were run in duplicate. Table 1 lists each
(Mapiria and Regional 8315 varieties) cultivated in Vichada, Colombia. 2.5.1. Titratable acidity, pH, and total soluble solids content
Then, the CA was analyzed in two parts (i) the natural cashew apple juice Titratable acidity was measured following the AOAC 942.15 method.
was done with albumin in a range of 0–2000 μg/mL. The protein
Table 1. Methodology for assessment of phytochemicals. determination was run in four replicates for each CA variety.
Liebermann Sterols From violet/blue to (21) 7.8 mm, 9 μm particle size, and 8% cross-linkage (Bio-Rad, USA). The
determined using an analog Brix portable refractometer (Model RF20, mg/mL), (iii) citric acid (200–1200 mg/mL), (iv) tartaric acid (100–1000
The concentration of reducing sugars in the natural juice from CA was sugars (i) glucose (calibration range of 10–100 mg/mL) and (ii) fructose
determined by following Miller’s method. Brieﬂy, this method is based on (calibration range of 10–100 mg/mL) were analyzed. Five replicates of
Scientiﬁc, USA). Glucose was used as standard over a range of 0.1–1 g/L reagent, and (3) 1.5 mL of 20% (w/v) sodium carbonate solution after 2
percent (wb. %). This assay was done in triplicate for each type of sample. to react for 2 h at room temperature in darkness, and the absorbance was
the total protein content. Accurately 0.05 mL was transferred to a test centration range of 25 mg/L to 500 mg/L was used as standard. The
700 nm, and tannic acid as standard was used in a calibration curve over W0 ð100 %MÞ
a concentration range of 5 mg/L to 200 mg/L (29). This assay was done 100
Where W0 is the initial sample weight (g), and %M is the moisture
was performed for 24 h, followed by extraction with ethanol (96 % pu-
curve with β-carotene in a range of 0.5–14 μg/mL was used. This assay
with NHO3 5 v.% solution. The ﬁltrate was transferred to the ICP 11261:1995 (E) method. Accurately, 0.5 g of sample was digested in
bration was in the range of 0.05 mg/L to 10 mg/L for each mineral. The automatic titrator (Methrom model 702 SC Titrino). The protocol was
room temperature, the sample is ﬁltered and washed with HNO3 5 v.% Lignin and constitutive carbohydrates content was determined
Thermo Electron ICAP 6500 Duo, Thermo Scientiﬁc, USA) for min- and 3 mL of H2SO4 solution (72 wt.%) were added. The mixture was
measured at 213 nm, 324 nm, and 259 nm, respectively. The cali- solution was diluted to a concentration of 4 wt.%, and the mixture was
bration was in the range of 0.05 mg/L to 10 mg/L. The procedure was allowed to react for 1 h at 121 C. After that, the solids were separated from
The moisture content of the CAB was determined by gravimetry. xylose were used in a range of 0.5 g/L to 4 g/L. Five replicates were run for
was allowed to cold to 105 C and transferred to a desiccator recipe. The (99 v.%). Next, more ethanol was added to the DPPH solution until
Ash ð%Þ ¼ 100 (3)
a solution of EDTA (5%). After that, NaOH (1M) was added until a pH of
treating samples with H2SO4 (98 wt%) at 5 C, cooled in an ice bath until
solution (0.15%). Absorbance was measured using a UV–vis spectro-
curve with galacturonic acid in a range of 10–100 μg/mL was used as
ranged from 17 C to 1000 C with a constant heating rate of 10 C/min
Table 2. Results of identiﬁcation of phytochemicals.
curve with Trolox in a range of 10–600 μM was used to determine the
(hygrine), tropanes (cocaine), pyrrolizidines (retronecine), pyridines 3.2.1. Titratable acidity, pH, and total soluble solids content
(nicotine), isoquinolines (papaverine), and purine derivatives (caffeine), Table 3 summarizes the titratable acidity, pH, and total soluble solids
among others (49). that were measured in CAJ. Titratable acidity and pH values are related
rences in the plant kingdom, and they are found in a vast number of (59). The titratable acidity and pH were similar between the Regional

Methods (brief)

HPLC analytical technique was used to determine the concentration of bioactive compounds, structural carbo-
or fermented beverages (6, 14). Recently, some research has used CA in compounds using the cavitation effect on the sample (17). The extraction
biological (16) processing are performed to modify the CA composition ered by the ultrasonic equipment (Bransonic® CPXH 3800). The samples
Then, this study aimed to determine the chemical, physical charac- present in the sample.
(CAJ) that can be extracted from the fruit, and (ii) the remaining solids, About 5 mL of sample was dissolved in 100 mL of distilled water. The
black precipitate et al. (26, 27). For that, 1 mL of each sample was accurately transferred to
Foam Saponins Emulsion formation (20) 2 mL glass vials. The High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
Burchard green column was operated in an Agilent Series 1200 HPLC system (Agilent
sulfuric acid 2 min) sample injection volume: 0.2 μL, (iii) ﬂow rate of mobile phase: 0.6
sample. The reaction mixture was boiled in a water bath (92 C) for 5 Phenolic content was determined using a modiﬁed version of the
min, and the reaction was stopped by transferring the test tubes to an icy Folin-Ciocalteu method (28). From the aqueous samples (of CAJ and CAB
percent (wb. %). This assay was done in triplicate for each type of sample. to react for 2 h at room temperature in darkness, and the absorbance was
tube from the aqueous sample, and then 1 mL of BCA reagent was added. results were reported in milligrams of gallic acid equivalents (mg GAE)
After that, the sample was incubated (Barnstead Lab-line 305 Imperial III per 100 mL of juice or 100 g of dry matter for CAJ and CAB, respectively.
Where W0 is the initial sample weight (g), and %M is the moisture
tracts. Accurately, 0.5 mL of sample was transferred to test tubes. Then,
Method 3051A (Microwave Assisted Acid Digestion of Sediments, and ODWsample corresponds to the oven-dry weight of the sample (g). The
digestion of liquid samples, about 45 mL of juice were transferred to a

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Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
b01ec52c	2026-08-04	major	2 sections added
d49e450f	2026-08-03	major	5 sections added; narrative text revised