Switzerland formulation can be released into rivers, lakes, seashores, and/or sewage treatment

Overview

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Key numbers

The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:

environmental profiles (Cosmetics Europe TPCA, 2018). The 2019). This is because in this range of 320–400 nm, UV-rays
to a stable state. In particular, photo-induced reactions of TiO2 a electron-hole de-excitation route, giving the sunscreen the
photopassivation efficiency (no more than 10% of pure TiO2 (Tyner et al., 2011; Faure et al., 2013). If such conditions are
fate and toxicity in the environment (see sections “Release, soil, sludge, and water. They obtained ranges of 24–245 µg/L
found that an emulsifying agent containing a glucosidic moiety with 81–82% of the total ENM mass flow, and that ZnO and
dispersion, finally affecting the UV absorption of the sunscreen 94w% of the ENM use in PCPs. From the overall sunscreen
fabrication stage of product quality control, but also at further the skin to the bathing area water levels at 5%. The rest of the
weathering and environmental dispersion of the product (Botta giving about 60–90% washed off during showering and flowed
30 min agitation in a synthetic swimming pool water, the release components. Meanwhile, such vertical differentiation has not
from the skin ranged from 2 to 30%, and it increased to 10– been reported yet in freshwater systems. This may be due to
50% after 120 min. A similar value of 25% was obtained with the high salinity of seawater that decreases the solubility of
of activity (from June to September), an average mass of 52 kg/day et al., 2020), giving respectively 100–900 and 20–50 µg/L of
or 1.4 t/month of suncare products is consumed before bathing TiO2 , 10–15 and 1–3 µg/L of ZnO. Values corresponding to
of 3–10% was reasonably used to estimate the amount of each patterns for TiO2 and ZnO, both found in the bathing zone and
filters, they were used in only 20% of the products, with 65% 2015). Moreover, ZnO has a higher solubility than TiO2 , which
113.4 ng/L), Ti (6.9–37.6 µg/L) (assumed related to TiO2 ), and evaluated (Labille and Brant, 2010). Homoaggregation of ENMs
Zn (1.0–3.3 µg/L) (assumed related to ZnO) were detected with may be determining when they are locally concentrated at the
the surface microlayer (Tovar-Sanchez et al., 2013). In freshwater most cases, the released ENMs are below the µg/L level in surface
fates exist, with 35–50% of the nanoparticulate UV-filters being a determining role in the stabilization or agglomeration of
nanoparticles rather unstable in suspension due to the new of mineral sunscreens or UV-filters. The Al(OH)3 /PDMS-coated
Al atoms at the ENM surface from ∼4 to as high as 15.6% simulated sunlight and showed an accelerated oxidation of the
7 ppm of chlorine. In a model pure water, no alteration of this radiation could be further controlled and studied using a climatic
layer was shown to be strongly affected, due to the oxidation and relative humidity (50%) and temperature (40◦ C) typical of a hot
functionalization (Pinsino and Alijagic, 2019). The potential at varying ZnO concentrations from 0.1 to 100 mg/L, they found
present (Hennebert et al., 2013). Solid waste leachates typically the laboratory with 5% nano-TiO2 , respectively hydrophilic (i.e.,
to a few tens of µg/L and was strongly correlated with emulsion with hydrophilic TiO2 (i.e., TiO2 /SiO2 ) would likely
UV-filters would likely be recovered in the leachate sludge after It revealed that almost 87% of the recovered ENMs were
sedimentation. A colloidal Ti content of 32 µg/L was detected found in the bottom ash, 8.5% in boiler ash, and 4.5% in
leachate sludge, the total Ti concentration ranges from <5 to fabric filter for the barium sulfate particles was more than
35 mg/kg with a mean concentration of 23 mg/kg (n = 10) 99%. The authors also pointed out that the tested ENMs
representative concentration in soil, 4000 mg/kg (Lindsay, 1979) exhibited a strong tendency to adhere to fly ash particles after
(e.g., SiO2 , Al2 O3 ) may have different fates. Titanium dioxide precursors of metastable aluminas. Several polymorphs exist
metastable anatase. Anatase transforms irreversibly to rutile of hydration (Digne et al., 2002). This means that alumina
at elevated temperatures, between 550 and about 1000◦ C is the stable form recovered after incineration. Finally, under
decrease of concentration from 30 to 3.2 µg/L of TiO2 particles substrates (Mu et al., 2011). At doses up to 150 milligram per
persistence of this substance in the receptacle compartments. from 5 to 50 mg/L due to ROS production, and the microbial
water bodies receiving wastewater (U.S. EPA, 2010). tested, of 50 mg/L. Such effects should be also considered
order of magnitude of 50–400 mg/kg with a mean concentration Mobility of UV-Filters in Soil Porous
of 170 mg/kg (Hennebert et al., 2017). The Ti speciation was Media
1 and 2% excluding C and O elements. Ti was thus part of the was calculated at 305 mg/kg dry weight. Thus, using sludge
pedogenic. Both origins could not be discriminated, as well as the kg−1 , while that for ZnO is close to zero (<0.03 µg/kg−1 )
increase in TiO2 ENMs suspended in water, which may end sunscreens on the transport of a TiO2 (78% anatase, 14% rutile,

Methods (brief)

2009). Single particle (sp) ICP-MS is of particular interest in this used at the same place. Consequently, they may be found
water column were compared. Water column samples were further fractionated by tangential flow filtration in two size classes, >0.5 µm and 0.02–0.5 µm, in order
realized by ICP-MS analysis coupled to total digestion (D) (Fouqueray et al., 2012, 2013).
are generally collected in settling ponds, where leachate sludge from the settling pond of a municipal landfill. A 1L sample
investigated nano-TiO2 release was dedicated to a construction is allowed to settle. Samples are taken from the liquid over time.
Gottschalk et al., 2015). digestion should be investigated. The effect of metal oxide
associated with sunscreens containing TiO2 ENMs was studied and nano-ZnO, on anaerobic digestion was investigated by
13 sludge samples from different regions of France. and was terrestrial ecosystem”).
absorption spectrometry, ICP-MS). Mainly pure or mineral- dispersion in the environment with a hydrophilic stabilizing
other environmental pollutants, in order to deal with a possible speciation in complex samples in order to give insights on the
doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.06.060 with ICP-AES and SQW Voltammetry for their characterization. Anal. Methods
Pharmacol. 263, 184–194. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.06.008 plasma–mass spectrometry. Microchem. J. 122, 119–126. doi: 10.1016/j.microc.
Lapied, E., Nahmani, J. Y., Moudilou, E., Chaurand, P., Labille, J., Rose, J., et al. (TiO2, Al2O3, SiO2 and ZnO) on waste activated sludge anaerobic digestion.
representative strains of the human microbiota: effect of the particle surface by spICPMS. A matter of resolution and treatment. J. Anal. Atomic Spectr. 32,
single particle ICP-MS. Bull. Environ. Contaminat. Toxicol. 100, 120–126. doi: 7290. doi: 10.1021/es2008598

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Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
b01ec52c	2026-08-04	major	2 sections added
d49e450f	2026-08-03	major	5 sections added; narrative text revised