Heavy Metals in Food Waste Water with Environmental Effects

Overview

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Key numbers

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(P2) and (P1), respectively. Food waste water is sampled at dish and acidiﬁed to methyl orange with conc. H2SO4, and
these points. 5 mL conc. HNO3 was also added. 2 mL of 30% H2O2 was
10% HNO3, and lastly with distilled water. The samples were through the sintered glass crucible. The ﬁltrate was trans-
was dried in an oven at 105 C for exactly one hour and to the wine-red end point. (%) TOC of the water sample was
cooled in desiccators. Its residue weight (W1) was deter- calculated as per the following formula (5): (%)
calculated using (W2 − W1) × 100 mg/L. Alkalinity values method using BaCl2 as precipitant. 50 mL of the sample was
drops of the phenolphthalein indicator were added. After methyl orange indicator were added. To this, 10 mL of 10%
orange red, and then titre values were recorded, and alka- ﬁlter paper was dried at 80°C in an oven by using the silica
Heavy metal concentration was determined analytically and 1220.41 μs·cm−3 for P5, refer Table 1. Conductivity of water
1. Results The mean conductivity values for all the sampling points are
are depicted in Tables 1 and 2. Figures 1 and 2 reveal the
reciprocal of the hydrogen ion activity at a given temper- TSS (mg/L) � . (1)
ature. pH of the samples ranged from 7.80 to 10.20 as
presented in Table 1. Point P4 has the lowest value (7.80), The mean concentration of total dissolved solid (TDS) in
while point P1 has the highest pH value of 10.20. The mean the Bilaspur city is presented in Table 1. The concentration of
pH values recorded for all the sampling points are above the TDS is recorded as 370.44 mg/L for P1, 255.23 mg/L for P2,
municipal authorities and WHO. Tolerance limit of pH 310.22 mg/L for P3, 390.20 mg/L for P4, and 360.20 mg/L for
into the sewage line with an exception of point P1. As per the were found below the WHO standard of 2000 mg/L for the
of pH may cause tuberculosis. Higher values may produce concentrations were found to be 300.22 mg/L for P1,
incrustation, sediment, deposition, and some diﬃculties in 350.25 mg/L for P2, 300.27 mg/l for P3, 200.24 mg/L for P4,
study, the pH values in all the collected water samples range Standards has speciﬁed a maximum limit of 100 mg/L for
values for various samples are presented in Table 1, ranging spiratory passages, by blanketing the stream bottom, by
4.3. Turbidity. Turbidity values are found to be in the mean and increases the chance for releasing of many heavy metals.
study area ranged from 150 to 250 mg/L. Alkalinity and pH
be an abundance of dissolved salts due to addition of table 4.8. Biological Oxygen Demand and Chemical Oxygen
Table 1: The highest value of diﬀerent parameters recorded in ﬁve points is plotted in a graph.
7 Total alkalinity (mg/L) 200 220 250 165 150
13 Nitrate (mg/L) 30.30 25.15 20.30 20.25 25.35
Table 2: Heavy metal concentration in water.
4 Nickel (mg/L) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL
DO after ﬁve days of incubation from DO measured on 6.25 mg/L and 8.40 mg/L, as observed in Table 1. The DO
collection of samples at the point in mg/L. level at points P1 to P5 was above these levels.
tion of waste water obtained for points P1 to P5 ranged 4.10. Total Organic Carbon. Total organic carbon at point P1
between 100.15 and 165.25 mg/L, respectively. The con- was found to be 1.5%, which was the highest value amongst
centrations of BOD and COD in all the sampling points are ﬁve points, and the lowest value recorded was 1.0% at points
higher than the WHO values of 50 mg/L and 1000 mg/L for P2 and P3.
tration in food waste water samples from renowned hotels in varied between 80.45 mg/L and 110.35 mg/L for sulphate,
Bilaspur city for diﬀerent sampling points are shown in the 20.15 mg/L and 30.35 mg/L for nitrate, and 10.33 mg/L and
table. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) is the oxygen re- 12.65 mg/L for phosphate, respectively, refer Table 1. High
the following expression: COD (mg/L) � normality of fer- (27). Sulphate as magnesium sulphate causes laxative eﬀects
Table 1. centration, while the highest level of sulphate was observed
45 mg/L and the Indian guideline of 0.20 mg/L. Nitrate

Methods (brief)

concentration of heavy metals present in the food waste water sample and to study the environmental eﬀects of metal ion
samples were collected from ﬁve sampling points of renowned hotels, restaurants, canteens, and confectionaries of a state of India
strict enforcement of the law and poor bye laws are the major waste water can be measured if collected samples of waste
years, in many cities and towns, sewage water was sold out, samples were labeled cautiously and transported to the
sewage water is still considered to be the most rich in plant analysis. The waste water samples used for DO and BOD
nutrients and organic matter. Nowadays, the situation has determinations were collected directly into dark DO bottles,
metals are also present in waste water and lead to bio- 2.4. Analytical Method. The analytical test of the collected
accumulation of heavy metals in the cultivated crops, posing water samples was performed for various parameters such as
is to determine the levels of some physicochemical pa- waste water samples throughout the research was the kitchen
hotels, restaurants, confectioneries, and food vending sites collected samples of waste water can be maintained without
which are situated where outﬂow of food waste water and harming samples biodegradation characteristic and are in-
2.2. Sampling Area and Sampling Point. Food waste water path for comparing the collected sampling data for the water
samples were collected from January 2017 to December 2017 quality index, which was added in the research work (12, 13).
taurants of Bilaspur area (Old Bus Stand Chowk) for the waste water sources. Hence, the collected data in the pre-
determination. Sampling points for the samples were des-
ignated as P1 to P5. Food wastewater samples were collected
at the discharge point from Tagore Chowk designated as P5, 3. Digestions of Waste Water Samples for Heavy
samples are taken from two diﬀerent hotels designated as Thoroughly mixed sample was taken in an evaporating silica

Implications

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Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
b01ec52c	2026-08-04	major	2 sections added
d49e450f	2026-08-03	major	5 sections added; narrative text revised