Review: Nutritional ecology of heavy metals

Overview

This source page is a mechanical bulk-ingest record for a PDF in the methylmercury infant-formula research pull. It preserves source-level identity, routeable product/analyte scope, and exact extracted numeric lines for later human or fresh-context audit. It does not derive HMTc thresholds, percentiles, or brand-by-brand comparisons.

Key numbers

The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:

• Animal (2018), 12:10, pp 2156–2170 © The Animal Consortium 2018. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative
• Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction
• M. Hejna1†, D. Gottardo1, A. Baldi1, V. Dell’Orto1, F. Cheli1, M. Zaninelli2 and L. Rossi1
• Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, The University of Milan, Via Trentacoste 2, 20134 Milan, Italy; 2Università telematica San Raffaele Roma,
• Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy
• trace concentrations (ppb or ppm) (Hambidge, 2003). Essential
• natural erosion due to water and wind, they are naturally (European Union (EU) Reg. 1881/2006). However, excessive
• environment than anthropological activities. The spread of high source of pollution (Rossi et al., 2014b).
• Mn, Mo, Se, Zn, Cr and Cd, Hg, Pb, As) are metallic elements undesirable substances in animal feed (Reg. 2002/32/EC).
• interrelated, as heavy metals are able to induce toxicity at low organ damage, even at lower exposure levels (Table 1).
• doses (Bhargava et al., 2012; Govind and Madhuri, 2014; Dai The toxicity of heavy metals, whether essential or not,
• et al., 2016; Giromini et al., 2016). depends on several factors including the dose, route of
• https://doi.org/10.1017/S175173111700355X Published online by Cambridge University Press
• Table 1 Heavy metals in nutrition processing and storage contamination. Therefore, reducing
• (authorized in animal nutrition*) (undesirable**) with a reduction in environmental impacts (Jarup, 2003).
• Cu (cooper) Hg (mercury) (As, Cd, F, Pb, Hg) (Table 2). Moreover, different maximum
• in animal nutrition have been set (Table 3). Main aim of those
• Ni (nickel) regulations (EC Reg. No 1831/2003; Dir. 2002/32/EC) is to
• Zn (zinc) and reducing environmental pollution (Fink-Gremmels, 2012).
• According to Theron et al. (2012) and Govind and Madhuri (2014).
• *Additives authorized in animal nutrition according to EC N° 1831/2003.
• (Tchounwou et al., 2012). They have different effects in relation products. It is therefore necessary to work at different levels
• to the dose and the time of consumption: acute poisoning (Aragay et al., 2011). The EU is aware of all these problems
• ingestion by grazing livestock (Nicholson et al., 2003). tants, consumption of contaminated drinking water, exposure
• that such pollutants are the major cause of eutrophication. shellfish and meat (Duruibe et al., 2007). The main source of
• ment and the nutritional basis of the cooperation between system damage, and in extreme cases, death (Table 4)
• organisms (function, mechanism, development) and the (Thirulogachandar et al., 2014). The International Agency for
• environment (biotic and abiotic) (Raubenheimer et al., 2009). Research on Cancer considered some heavy metals as
• the main challenges related to the content of essential and the fetal brain (Food Safety Authority of Ireland, 2009).
• irreversible brain damage (Jaishankar et al., 2014). It is also
• control heavy metals presence in the environment, as a result relation to their BW (Thirulogachandar et al., 2014). The
• https://doi.org/10.1017/S175173111700355X Published online by Cambridge University Press
• https://doi.org/10.1017/S175173111700355X Published online by Cambridge University Press
• Table 2 Main European Union (EU) regulations concerning essential and undesirable substances contamination
• Directive 2002/32/EC Directive of the European Parliament and of the council of 7 May 2002 on undesirable substances in animal feed http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/
• Regulation (EC) N° 1881/2006 Represents the main guidelines concerning contaminants in foodstuffs; it sets maximum levels of mycotoxins, metals http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/
• (Pb, Cd, Hg and Sn), dioxins and Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in different food sources 2006/1881/oj
• Regulation (EC) N° 776/2006 Defines the community reference laboratories responsible for the official controls performed to ensure the verification of compliance http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/
• with feed and food law, animal health and animal welfare rules 2006/776/oj
• Regulation (EC) N° 1754/2006 Lays down detailed rules for the granting of Community financial assistance for the organization of workshops http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/
• Regulation (EC) N° 333/2007 Specifies the sampling methods and the methods of analysis for the official control of the levels of lead, cadmium, mercury, http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/
• inorganic tin, 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) and benzo(a)pyrene in foodstuffs. It is divided into four parts (A, B, C and D) that 2007/333/oj

Methods (brief)

• deal with the ‘definitions’, ‘sampling methods’, ‘sample preparation and analysis’ and lastly ‘reporting and interpretation of results,’
• actions among minerals and diet components need to be found in all feed samples. According to Wang et al. (2013) in
• (collected from Spanish farms), during the compost process.
• manure. The authors collected animal-composted waste total of three million potentially contaminated locations in
• samples (Abbottabad District, Pakistan). They were ranked the EU, of which 250 thousand were actually contaminated
• According to Jakubus et al. (2013) tested slurries (collected (Table 9). In fact, Zn is monitored by authorities as it is

Implications

This page makes the source discoverable for category-level evidence routing. Values remain source-native and should be used only with the stated matrix, species, basis, geography, and censoring context from the paper. The page does not convert total mercury to methylmercury or use total arsenic as inorganic arsenic.

Wiki pages this source may touch

• Infant Formula Powder
• Fish — marine, non-predatory (sardines, anchovies, salmon, cod)
• Shellfish (shrimp, crab, lobster, clams, oysters, mussels)
• Mercury
• Cadmium
• Lead
• Arsenic
• Nickel
• Aluminum
• Tin
• Chromium

Verification notes

• Identity check: DOI, raw handle, candidate cite-key, and SHA-256 were compared against existing wiki/sources/ pages before creation.
• Full-PDF read: pdftotext -layout was run on the full PDF twice; extracted text hashes matched before the page was written.
• Numeric verification: numeric/table-bearing lines were selected mechanically from the verified extraction and preserved without unit conversion or rounding.
• Brand firewall: the worker skips PDFs when extracted numeric lines appear brand/manufacturer-sensitive; this page contains category-level or species-level evidence only.
• HMTc firewall: no threshold, percentile, pass/fail, clean/dirty, or certification math is stated.

Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.