Assessment of human dietary exposure to arsenic through rice

Overview

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Key numbers

The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:

• range of adverse effects on health (IARC, 2004; Sharma et al., 2014; UN among individuals with consistent patterns of arsenic exposure urinary
• of i-As well below the World Health Organization’s guideline of 10 μg/L. relatively non-toxic including arsenobetaine and arsenocholine, pre-
• The most common methods to measure dietary intake include the 24- dures. These studies have found that between 53% and 102% of t-As in
• For the present study, we performed a comprehensive literature re- wheat-based to the rice-based diet – from a mean of 8.2 μg of t-As dur-
• consumption and arsenic exposure using human biomarkers. Table 1 was estimated that approximately 63% of the t-As ingested from rice
• tion (from 6.8 μg/L to 49.9 μg/L) that consisted primarily of DMA was re-
• (2) are independent of self-report. Human biological specimens used to The authors estimated that 40% of t-As ingested by consuming rice was
• 1 He and Zheng, Experimental Female adults (n = 2). Mass balance of arsenic 101 μg/kg ≤1 μg/kg Mixture of Urinary t-As concentration
• (5 days) vs rice-based 25 μg/kg urine two participants (from the
• diet (418 g of rice/day - 5 DMA, and samples, the mean value of 8.2 μg to
• excreted in urine was ~63%.
• 2 Meharg et al., Experimental Male adults (n = 9). Mass balance of arsenic 99 μg/kg of Distilled Spot urine, Urinary t-As was 7.3-fold
• participants that 99 μg/kg of urine pass for rice (from 6.8 μg/L to
• participants that did not MMA. rice. increased 65%, and 6%,
• urine was ~40%.
• of southern Italy the study and continuing (b10 μg/kg) for 10 excretion of i-As and its
• (n = 8300). cakes/crackers, and rice of rice cakes/crackers was
• study NHANES (n = 2323). questionnaire. Rice eater 1.6-fold higher t-As urinary
• 5.5 μg/L). An increase of 14.2%
• 6 Kordas et al., Cross sectional Young children of 5–8 Two 24-hour dietary – 0.45 μg/L Spot urine Sum of urinary arsenic
• 2016 study years of age (n = 328) recalls including rice concentrations (iAs, MMA,
• Uruguay. defined as consuming b5 11.0 μg/L to 13.5 μg/L with
• 2014a study NHANES (n = 20.497). questionnaire including consumption and urinary t-As
• 9.6% urinary t-As, and an
• increase of 8.6% in urinary
• 8 Wu et al., 2015 Cross-sectional U.S. adults (n = 6677) 48-Hour recall dietary – – Spot urine Intake of white or brown rice
• Table 1 (continued)
• 9 Gilbert-Diamond Cross sectional Pregnant women 72-Hour recall dietary – Range from Spot urine Urinary t-As was 5.3 μg/L for
• et al., 2011 study (n = 229) residing in questionnaire including ≤0.07 μg/L rice consumers and 3.4 μg/L
• right-skewed. higher i-As, 0.18 μg/L higher
• was associated with a 16.9%
• (n = 37) vs white t-As concentrations were
• (n = 12) white Caucasians group
• 12 Wei et al., 2014 Cross-sectional U.S. adults (n = 3027) Food frequency – – Spot urine Participants that consumed
• 13 Melkonian et al., Prospective Adults living in Food frequency – 50% Spot urine Rice consumption was
• (n = 18.470, with a rice consumption. with access urinary t-As (Multivariate
• 2013 study (n = 3404) residing in frequency questionnaire associated with a higher
• 15 Rivera-Nuñez et Cross-sectional Adults (n = 343) Food frequency – ≤50 μg/L Spot urine Rice consumption was
• 16 Karagas et al., Cross sectional Infants (n = 759) Questionnaire and Ranging Mainly Spot urine Urinary t-As was nearly
• Table 1 (continued)
• rice-based products. 201 μg 9.53 μg/L) for infants
• 17 Cleland et al., Descriptive Korean women adults Food frequency – b2 μg/L Spot urine Estimated arsenic exposure

Methods (brief)

• studies have reported an elevated risk of certain cancers, cardiovascular either inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS)
• diseases, respiratory conditions, and diabetes associated with relatively or hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HPLC-HG-
• sure, especially in regions with access to water low in i-As (Meacher Human nail (both fingernail and toenail) and hair samples have
• higher amounts of total arsenic (t-As) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) less, considerable care must be taken during nail and hair sample
• found in rice-based products, including those consumed by infants prior to chemical digestion in the laboratory to remove trace contami-
• measurement of water samples (e.g., Gilbert-Diamond et al., 2011). evaluated using in vitro gastro intestinal digestion simulation proce-
• Bolger, 1999). trations doubled (primarily urinary DMA) upon switching from the
• tion (from 6.8 μg/L to 49.9 μg/L) that consisted primarily of DMA was re-
• resent an aggregate measure that accounts for all routes of exposure and taining i-As and DMA at a ratio of 1:1 and cooked with deionized water.
• monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) and DMA. MMA and DMA are among
• nary arsenic concentration measured in urine spot samples, normalized In the non-experimental setting, one of the most common used
• diet (418 g of rice/day - 5 DMA, and samples, the mean value of 8.2 μg to
• days) 7.5 μg/kg first in the 16.3 μg). DMA dominated
• followed a rice diet (300 DMA, and participants 49.9 μg/L). Percentage of
• g/day - 5 days) vs 3 3 μg/kg consuming urinary DMA, and MMA
• 2012 cohort study resident in a coastal area 3 days before the start of regulation urine samples influence either urinary
• urinary DMA (positive
• residing in Montevideo,consumption. Children and DMA) increased from

Implications

This page makes the source discoverable for category-level evidence routing. Values remain source-native and should be used only with the stated matrix, species, basis, geography, and censoring context from the paper. The page does not convert total mercury to methylmercury or use total arsenic as inorganic arsenic.

Wiki pages this source may touch

• baby-cereals-dry
• Infant Formula Powder
• Fish — marine, non-predatory (sardines, anchovies, salmon, cod)
• teething-and-snacks
• Mercury
• Mercury
• Arsenic

Verification notes

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Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.