Overview
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Key numbers
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- 53% and 71%, respectively. Turned composting systems, unlike forced aerated composted systems, showed potential
- for reducing GHGs (N2O: 50% and CH4: 71%). Bulking agents and both composting systems involved a certain
- degree of pollution swapping as they significantly promoted NH3 emissions by 35%, 54%, and 121% for bulking
- sions by 61% and 54% for covering and compaction, respectively. The use of specific additives significantly reduced
- NH3 losses by 69%. Our meta-analysis suggested that there is enough evidence to refine future Intergovernmental
- with that of CO2 on a weight basis. Methane is (MA) methodology, involving a range of management
- collected. We decided to analyze gaseous losses in terms of Table 1 Variables and categories selected in the preliminary
- N content in the waste material (%CH4-C, %NH3-N, %N2O- solid waste management
- Finally, we decided to compare CH4-C emissions (%) air to the materials; (iv) Forced aeration + Turning include
- minary selection (Table 1). We explored the effect of 6 vari- sel for research purposes with a limited amount of waste
- 1–3 months, and (iii) >3 months; according to the total period Subsequently, one aggregated mean effect size was computed
- stitution of bulking agents, and the use of specific (vi) additives. era et al. (2013). Weighted mean effect sizes of each category
- To do so, the dataset was further narrowed down by restrict- were calculated, with bias-corrected 95% confidence intervals
- most of the cases, conventional static storage of organic waste et al., 2000). Mean effects of treatments were considered differ-
- studies analyzing the effects of different intensities of forced 95% confidence interval did not overlap zero.
- alternative bulking agents explored involve higher levels of involving 93% of selected studies, while the rest were
- lignin content. Finally, for those studies evaluating the effect from official reports (4%), and conference communica-
- of specific additives (e.g., phosphogypsum) on the emissions tions (3%) that met our quality requirements.
- from composting process, results were compared with the Among all the studies (76), 72% reported data on
- respective control treatments, which refer to those trials with total N losses, 66% included data on NH3 losses and
- no amendment addition to the waste material. 58% on N2O emissions. For C losses, 42% of the studies
- involved measurements on CH4 emissions and 59%
- from the composting process, using studies comparing treated cool temperate conditions (57%), followed by warm
- (experimental) groups with a control group. The response temperate (34%) and tropical (9%) conditions. Accord-
- and presented as percent of change. scale (mean = 10.5 m3) commercial trials (57%) and the
- Many studies compared multiple treatments with a single rest (43%) were carried out at the pilot scale in vessel
- Sewage sludge showed the highest mean NH3-N losses overall N losses seem to be greater under moist and
- (approximately 27%), followed by food waste, poultry wet conditions, which can be associated with higher N
- 4 kg DM ) content (Fig. S1). For CO2-C (% of exception of N2O emissions measured in pilot-scale
- Table 2 Number of observations (N), mean and standard deviation (SD) of cumulative gaseous emissions for some of the factors
- CO2-C (%) CH4-C (%) N2O-N (%) NH3-N (%) Total N (%)
- device (e.g., centrifugal blower) are both efficient com- range (>40 °C), where NH3-N emissions are likely to be
- posting methods that involve active aeration, thereby above 10%. In contrast, conventional storage, covering,
- moting microbial breakdown of organic materials. This philic range (20–40 °C), which tends to prevent NH3-N
- NH3-N losses (50–100%) (Fig. 3b). This effect can be statistical significance could not be found within the
- additives to minimize emissions. Mean effect values and 95% Additives
- confidence level (95%) of the study, periodical turning Fig. 3 Effect of different management strategies of solid waste
- bic and anaerobic areas where N2O is produced from Mean effect values and 95% confidence intervals are shown.
- 50% Covering and compacting. Unlike composting methods,
- paction (-24%). Although results indicate that both
- 10% emissions and total N losses (Fig. 3b), in the case of
- 0% decomposition of organic matter is inhibited and tem-
Methods (brief)
- collected. We decided to analyze gaseous losses in terms of Table 1 Variables and categories selected in the preliminary
- cations were collected involving 712 observations. For each
- cedure to compare and integrate the results of multiple stud- sample size was not provided in many of the studies selected
- material. In the first case, trials with none or lower content of N2O, NH3, and TN losses) were collected from 76 dif-
- influence of different factors on cumulative gaseous emissions most observations were collected from studies under
- small samples (Hedges et al., 1999). The results were unlogged
- overestimation of the precision of the calculated mean effect gaseous emissions were sampled across the entire or a
- displayed in Table 3, when analyzing the whole sample
- of collected studies, the N2O emissions observed 1%
- ogy and range of results obtained from collected studies in data. Although the number of experiments investigat-
- this, the collected results showed large variability,
- ture results implied converting all collected results into ber of studies to establish statistical relationships.
- Appendix S1. A list of publications and details of studies which were collected for the analysis. MA: publications included in the
Implications
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Update history
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