(CX), using the following formula: qS ¼

Overview

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Key numbers

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(EDX) (12, 14) or SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) polysaccharides—up to 63% of cell wall dry weight,
(14–16) enables to determine the elemental composition of 13.8% of lipids (total), 9.2% of protein and a small quantity
the cell wall and to trace the distribution of metal ions on (0.3%) of glucoseamine. These macromolecules offer host
each series of 20 samples. The acceptable result was
The biosorption experiments were performed in Erlenmeyer assessed as 10%.
kinetic experiments as 4 h for Enteromorpha sp. (22). pH of The final result was an arithmetic mean, which differed less
the solutions was adjusted to 5 with 0.1 mol L−1 standard- than 5%.
(EDX). Samples of macroalaga were fixed in 2.5% of glutaralde-
Analytical methods ples were dehydrated by ethanol (from 30% till 100%
with 6 mL of concentrated—69% HNO3 supra-pure grade photographed with a Scanning Electron Microscope—Leo
ICP-OES method was used to determine the mineral Table 1 presents the mineral composition of the natural and
that in the case of the biomass: MA-Cu and MA-Zn, light In Table 2, the balance sheet of microelement ions in the
Mg(II)>K(I). During biosorption of Mn(II) and Co(II) ions, recovery for microelement ions was 84%.
Table 2 The balance of microelement ions in 1.0 L of the solution before and after biosorption process (for biomass concentration 1.0 g L−1)
solution it can be concluded that 51% more light metal the digested biomass (q(ICP)X; mg g−1 or meq g−1) was
Enteromorpha sp. released during biosorption 24% more cations were higher (averagely 1.87±0.52) than the values
by Sargassum (17). In the case of Enteromorpha sp. the metal-laden biomass, %
signals were clearly observed in Fig. 3B–E, respectively. methods, a correlation matrix was prepared (Table 4) with
This means that a remarkable amount of microelements was the STATISTICA (v.8) software. The application of the
Table 3 Atomic concentration of elements (%) on the surface of natural and metal-laden biomass of Enteromorpha sp. (according to the analysis
Italics below/or above limit of detection (%): C (0.277–100); O (0.525–100); P (0.001–2.013); S (0.001–2.307); Cl (l0.001–2.621); Fe (0.060–
1. Herrero R, Lodeiro P, Rey-Castro C, Vilarino T, Sastre de Vicente alloy. Mikrochim Acta 127:265–268

Methods (brief)

Using ICP-OES and SEM-EDX in biosorption studies
copy (ICP-OES) and by scanning electron microscopy with earth metal ions were exchanged by metal ions from
macroalga Enteromorpha sp. was enriched with Cu(II), Mn Enteromorpha sp. . ICP-OES . SEM-EDX
and after biosorption. ICP-OES showed a better precision surface, but either the total concentration in the biomass (by
more information regarding the sample composition of with concentrated mineral acids) or most frequently—from
AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy) (7–9), ICP-OES
PL-50-630 Wrocław, Poland troscopy) (10–12), ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma
Mass Spectrometry) (13). Although all the techniques are biomass exchange protons and/or cations of alkaline earth
examine the samples of macroalgae: Sargassum sp. (16), ole, amino, N-acetyl, phosphate etc. (20).
In the present paper, two techniques were applied: ICP- which are naturally bound by macroalga (Enteromorpha
of biosorption of microelement ions (Cu(II), Zn(II), Co(II) in the biosorption process. For this purpose, ICP-OES
discussed in Fig. 1. Generally, an ICP-OES analysis can biosorption in the dry biomass of Enteromorpha sp., to
analyze an area of the sample as big as the size of the after process by ICP-OES method and additionally to map
electron beam. In SEM-EDX method, sample preparation is elements on the surface of macroalgal cell wall by using
for conventional atomic spectroscopy. However, ICP-OES also useful in identification of the mechanism of biosorp-
In the literature it is reported, that biosorption of metal by ICP-OES and also from SEM with mapping. Addition-
advantages of ICP-OES and
ICP-OES (BIOMASS) ICP-OES (SOLUTION) SEM-EDX (BIOMASS)

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Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
b01ec52c	2026-08-04	major	2 sections added
d49e450f	2026-08-03	major	5 sections added; narrative text revised