Heavy metals in French fries

Overview

This provisional ingredient page records source-specific measurements for french fries. Its population contamination profile has not been synthesized. See Ingredients for the ingredient inventory.

Heavy metal contamination profile

The profile fields remain pending until an evidence synthesis supports a population estimate. Source observations are listed separately below.

Reported measurements from source notes are below. No typical or upper-tail value is calculated here, and no certification limit is stated. The contamination profile in the page frontmatter is unchanged.

Reported measurements

The 2020 review cites FDA Total Diet Study 2014 to 2016 figures, as reported by Spungen 2019, and prints a mean lower-bound cadmium in french fries of 44 µg/kg, as-consumed. The note does not print a french-fries sample count. The other nine foods in that list are not french fries and are not repeated here. Exposure estimates in µg/kg body weight are not a french-fries concentration and are not repeated here. The generated FDA Total Diet Study table on this page is a different collection period and was not copied. Cadmium: Mitigation strategies to reduce dietary exposure

French fries, cadmium, and high-fat diet effects on metal excretion

Fries are a high-fat potato matrix. Cadmium is the metal this section addresses. One summary is on point for the diet form: mice on a high-fat diet excreted less cadmium, arsenic, and lead in feces and held more in liver and kidney. The other cadmium papers are drinking water and a rat cadmium chloride experiment. A fry processor should not treat any of them as a fry microbiome assay.

Zhang et al. 2015, per WikiBiome source summary, DOI 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00237, gave mice 10 mg/L cadmium in drinking water for 10 weeks. Firmicutes and gamma-proteobacteria decreased in feces after 4 weeks, and Firmicutes decreased in cecum contents after 10 weeks. The direction is cadmium toward gut microbiota, alongside hepatic energy-metabolism changes in the same animals. The summary does not name a food.

Liu et al. 2023, per WikiBiome source summary, DOI 10.3389/fvets.2023.1219729, exposed Sprague-Dawley rats to cadmium chloride for 30 days. The note states lower intestinal ZO-1, higher TNF-alpha and IL-6 in intestine and blood, and Muribaculaceae in blood that was absent in the unexposed group. The note does not print the dose or the number of rats. The direction is cadmium toward gut and blood microbiota and barrier markers.

Per WikiBiome source summary, DOI 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01604, Liu et al. 2020 fed C57BL/6 mice a normal diet or a high-fat diet for 10 weeks, with 100 ppm arsenic, cadmium, or lead in drinking water. Mice on the high-fat diet accumulated more of each metal in liver and kidney and excreted less of each metal in feces. The direction the authors report is diet and gut microbiota toward metal accumulation and fecal excretion. No local PDF extraction is on a wiki source page, so this paragraph stays labeled as a summary. The diets were not this ingredient.

Study table

What remains uncertain

The high-fat diets were not potatoes or frying oil, and the metal was 100 ppm in drinking water. The rat cadmium chloride note omits dose and sample size. No study cited here sequenced gut microbiota after french fries.

FDA TDS FY2018–FY2020 source observations

FDA measured the prepared foods named below. Each row describes that food and preparation, not every form of this ingredient. Values are µg/kg (ppb) on the FDA sample basis. ND means not detected; it is not a measured zero. Reporting limits can vary between composites. FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical Results

References

Works cited in this page’s text, in first-appearance order. See Sources for this page’s source inventory. Each title links to a source record with bibliographic details, reported findings, and document provenance.

1. Cadmium: Mitigation strategies to reduce dietary exposureSchaefer HR, Dennis S, and Fitzpatrick S · Journal of Food Science · 2020 · doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.14997Review
2. Subchronic Exposure of Mice to Cadmium Perturbs Their Hepatic Energy Metabolism and Gut MicrobiomeSongbin Zhang, Yuanxiang Jin, Zhaoyang Zeng, Zhenzhen Liu, and Zhengwei Fu · Chemical Research in Toxicology · 2015 · doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00237Peer-reviewed
3. Environmental cadmium exposure alters the internal microbiota and metabolome of Sprague-Dawley ratsLiu S, Deng X, Li Z, Zhou W, Wang G, Zhan J, et al. · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · 2023 · doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2023.1219729Peer-reviewed
4. FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsU.S. Food and Drug Administration · FDA Total Diet Study · 2022 · www.fda.govDataset

Sources

Sources catalogued for this page. The last column says how each source is used here.

Update history

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