Zakaria 2015 - lead, cadmium, and chromium in lipsticks sold in Malaysia

Zakaria and Ho measured lead, cadmium, and chromium in 15 lipstick products selected from popularity rankings among surveyed lipstick users in Malaysia. The study reports concentrations in mg kg-1 and analyzes each lipstick in triplicate. Brand names were collected in the survey workflow, but this page reports only product category, country of production, price category, and coded sample values.

Key numbers

• Sample frame: 374 questionnaires were distributed to female staff in a Malaysian public university; the top 5 lipsticks in each price category were purchased, for 15 products and 45 triplicate analyses.
• Price categories: category I “cheap” was < RM29.99; category II “intermediate” was RM30-RM59.99; category III “expensive” was > RM60.
• Lead in Table 2 ranged from 0.77 ± 0.64 mg kg-1 to 15.44 ± 2.08 mg kg-1; the abstract reports the same overall lead range as 0.77-15.44 mg kg-1.
• Cadmium was ND in six products and detected from 0.06 ± 0.05 mg kg-1 to 0.33 ± 0.05 mg kg-1; the abstract reports the detected range as 0.06-0.33 mg kg-1.
• Chromium in Table 2 ranged from 0.24 ± 0.15 mg kg-1 and 0.24 ± 0.14 mg kg-1 up to 2.50 ± 1.44 mg kg-1; the abstract reports the chromium range as 0.48-2.50 mg kg-1.
• Highest table values: lead 15.44 ± 2.08 mg kg-1 in a category III brown lipstick made in the United States; cadmium 0.33 ± 0.05 mg kg-1 in a category I red lipstick made in Malaysia; chromium 2.50 ± 1.44 mg kg-1 in a category III pink lipstick made in the United States.
• Method performance in Table 1: Pb recovery 87 ± 3%, LOD 0.63 mg kg-1, LOQ 1.90 mg kg-1; Cd recovery 94 ± 7%, LOD 0.06 mg kg-1, LOQ 0.23 mg kg-1; Cr recovery 91 ± 6%, LOD 0.21 mg kg-1, LOQ 0.66 mg kg-1.
• Health-risk table context: cadmium HQ ranged from 0.028 to 0.165; chromium HQ ranged from 0.040 to 0.411; all reported HI values were below 1. Lead was excluded from the HQ/HI mixture because the authors state that USEPA has no oral RfD for inorganic lead.

Methods (brief)

The authors digested 0.4 g lipstick with 6 mL of 69% nitric acid in an Anton Paar Multiwave 3000 microwave digester, using a program of 130 °C (ramp 15 min, hold 20 min), 200 °C (ramp 15 min, hold 20 min), and 50 °C cooling for 10 min. Extracts were filtered to remove wax and glitter and diluted to 50 mL. Metals were measured by ICP-OES with calibration over 0.0005 to 5 mg L-1; each lipstick was analyzed in triplicate.

Implications

Certification (HMTc): This source contributes B-tier lipstick occurrence evidence for Pb, Cd, and Cr in mg kg-1 as-sold product basis. It should be routed to lipstick/children’s cosmetic context only after brand names remain firewalled.

Courses: The paper is useful for illustrating cosmetic risk-assessment limits: lead concentrations were measured, but the authors did not calculate a lead HQ because no USEPA oral RfD was available.

App: The source can support lipstick contamination profiles for Malaysian-market products and production-country context without naming brands.

Wiki pages this source may touch

• lipstick

Verification notes

• PDF text was extracted with pdftotext -layout to /tmp/hmi_row_1590.txt; Tables 1, 2, and 3 plus the Methods were re-read before writing.
• Identity checks before creation: DOI 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.07.005, raw handle MFK_zakaria2015, raw SHA-256 2cb9682a42d7e00501ea9ebf3dfa35eea80ceb92073f7b71f27645ac6f08a962, and cite key zakaria2015-lipstick-heavy-metals-malaysia were searched in wiki/sources/ and evidence files; no existing source page was found.
• Units are preserved as mg kg-1; no conversion to ppm was made.
• Speciation: chromium is total Cr; no Cr(VI) speciation is reported.
• Brand firewall: the survey collected brand information, but no brand names are reported in this page and values are summarized by coded samples, price category, country of production, and product category.
• Source-internal range note: the abstract’s Cr range (0.48-2.50 mg kg-1) differs from Table 2, which includes two 0.24 mg kg-1 means; both are recorded without correction.

Page history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page. The full version history lives in git; when DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.