Overview
This study measured seven metals by flame AAS in raw cow milk and cattle feed from Fulani settlements in three LGAs of Kano State, and computed daily intakes and hazard indices. Cadmium was not detected in any milk. Lead was found only at two Rano points, and the unit for those values is inconsistent.
Key numbers
- Cadmium: ND at all nine settlement points (Tables 1-3).
- Lead: ND in Bichi and Nassarawa; Rano points 1 and 2 “0.610±0.00” and “0.690±0.00” in a table headed mg/L (ppm), but the text calls the same range 0.610 to 0.690 µg/L (Table 2, p. 309).
- Chromium 0.002 to 0.020 mg/L; iron 3.64 to 9.100 mg/L (Tables 1-3).
Methods (brief)
Milk was wet-digested with acid and read by flame AAS. No detection limits, reference materials, recoveries or blanks are reported. The sampling dates are not stated.
Evidence Fitness
Raw settlement milk with weak QA. The lead unit conflict (mg/L in the table, µg/L in the text) cannot be resolved, so the values carry integrity flags and stay in per-litre units. The Rano table rows are mislabeled BR1 to BR3. The printed DOI is an mEDRA DOI with no Crossref record, so it is unverified, and peer review is unverified. Raw milk is a proxy for half-and-half and skim-milk, so those pages are not linked.