This paper combines pre-anodization of a screen-printed carbon electrode with in situ bismuth plating and a low-cost portable potentiostat to measure cadmium in water and rice. The authors chose bismuth as a lower-toxicity replacement for mercury film electrodes. Bismuth is part of the method, not an analyte.
Key numbers
This paper reports no numerical findings relevant to bismuth exposure.
Methods (brief)
Square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry with in situ bismuth modification. The authors report a 3-minute test, a detection limit of 3.55 µg/L, a linear range of 5 to 100 µg/L, and recoveries of 91.7 to 107.1 percent for cadmium in water and rice samples (abstract).
Evidence fitness
This is a materials or analytical chemistry paper in which bismuth is a component of an engineered material. It does not support dietary exposure or toxicity claims for bismuth, and no bismuth was measured in food, water, feed, soil or human or animal tissue.
Limitations
Cadmium results are outside the scope of this page. The paper does not test whether bismuth remains in analyzed samples.
Related evidence
Update history
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