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Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk assessment of elemental impurities and bioactive compounds in six wild mushrooms using Monte Carlo simulation

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Overview

Canbolat and colleagues measured cadmium, lead, arsenic, and total mercury by ICP-MS in six wild edible mushroom species (dried material) from Bingol and Van provinces of Turkey, collected 2018 to 2020. They applied both deterministic (HQ/HI framework) and probabilistic (Monte Carlo simulation, 10,000 iterations) health risk assessment. Laccaria laccata contained the highest cadmium (10.059 mg/kg) and was identified as posing a potential carcinogenic risk to both adults and children (TCR greater than or equal to 1 x 10^-4). Tricholoma sculpturatum showed the most favorable risk profile.

Key numbers

Elemental impurity concentrations (MC, mg/kg, dried mushrooms), mean plus or minus standard deviation (Table 4):

  • Morchella importuna: cadmium (Cd) 1.633 ± 1.53, lead (Pb) 3.058 ± 2.71, arsenic (As) 2.970 ± 1.87, mercury (Hg) 0.021 ± 0.01.
  • Tricholoma sculpturatum: Cd 0.928 ± 0.72, Pb 1.028 ± 0.87, As 0.939 ± 0.32, Hg 0.033 ± 0.02.
  • Infundibulicybe geotropa: Cd 3.501 ± 2.19, Pb 1.538 ± 0.95, As 3.840 ± 1.21, Hg 0.019 ± 0.32.
  • Tricholoma populinum: Cd 2.404 ± 1.21, Pb 1.667 ± 0.75, As 2.821 ± 1.14, Hg 0.022 ± 0.01.
  • Pholiota carbonaria: Cd 2.968 ± 1.34, Pb 2.187 ± 1.11, As 1.952 ± 1.32, Hg 0.089 ± 0.07.
  • Laccaria laccata: Cd 10.059 ± 3.24, Pb 2.182 ± 1.16, As 2.000 ± 1.43, Hg not detected.
  • Cd and As were positively correlated (r = 0.652, p < 0.01); Pb and As were positively correlated (r = 0.652, p < 0.01).
  • Laccaria laccata: TCR (total carcinogenic risk) greater than or equal to 1 x 10^-4 for both adults and children.
  • Tricholoma sculpturatum HI below 1 for adults; HI above 1 for children from that species at certain consumption levels.

Methods (brief)

Dried, pooled fungarium material (100 g per species). Microwave digestion with HNO3 and H2O2. ICP-MS (7800, Agilent); LODs Cd 0.006, Pb 0.022, As 0.021, Hg 0.001 µg/g; LOQs Cd 0.022, Pb 0.074, As 0.074, Hg 0.003 µg/g; recoveries 87.0 to 96.5% from NIST 1640a and Strawberry Leaves-Trace Elements-LGC7162-CRM. Monte Carlo simulation (Python 3.9.13, Matlab 3.7.1, Pandas 1.5.3, NumPy 1.24.3) with 10,000 iterations using lognormal distributions.

Evidence fitness

Six-species dried-material survey with probabilistic risk assessment; Monte Carlo approach is a methodological strength for characterizing population-level risk distributions. Limitation: n = 1 pooled sample per species (no replication at the species level), collected over three years (2018 to 2020) from museum fungarium specimens, so concentrations reflect archival material. Dried weight basis; conversion to fresh weight requires moisture content data not provided.

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