The hazards of metal exposure mediated by crops to

Overview

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Key numbers

The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:

• Table 1. Overview of cadmium environmental behavior and Lead is stable in soil, not easily degraded, and can be absorbed
• range areas, up to 20 mg/kg quotient (IQ) levels than normal children, with difficulties in con­
• food limits kg; rice Cd limit 0.2 mg/kg (GB2762-
• EU, wheat Cd limit 0.2 mg/kg (EC 1881/ Pb levels in surrounding residents at high risk long-term. The
• 2006); soil Cd limit 1–3 mg/kg (depending WHO reports that in 2021, Pb exposure caused over 1.5 million
• Japan, rice Cd limit 0.4 mg/kg (Food levels ≥5 μg/dL. Lead poisoning remains a major environmental
• CAC, rice Cd limit 0.4 mg/kg (CXS 193– children.17 Table 2 provides an overview of lead’s environmental
• Additionally, leafy vegetables like spinach and pak choi have a sual and auditory impairment, etc.19
• centration in arable soils generally ranges from 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg, use. Research shows that Hg concentration in paddy soil in
• but soils in areas severely affected by industrial activities, such polluted areas can exceed 10 mg/kg. According to China’s
• 20 mg/kg. Long-term Cd intake can Pb to chronic kidney dam­ Risk Control Standards (Trial)’’ (GB 15618-2022), the risk
• age. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) screening value for Hg in paddy soil is 0.5 mg/kg (pH ≤ 6.5). Mer­
• The environmental behavior and health risks of Cd are summa­ pacts are summarized in Table S1.
• Table 2. Overview of lead environmental behavior and health Chromium
• areas, can exceed 1,000 mg/kg tive and respiratory tracts. Long-term exposure increases the
• and stems increases.29 Simultaneously, some leafy vegetables
• electroplating plants, and dye industries can exceed 400 mg/kg,
• Environmental and food China, soil Pb limit ≤80 mg/kg; drinking
• limits water Pb limit 0.01 mg/L (GB5749- and cell mutation.30 Chromium slag dumping has caused
• EU, drinking water Pb limit 0.005 mg/L cally and internationally. For example, soil Cr concentration at a Cr
• (EU 2020/2184); vegetable Pb limit slag dump site in Guizhou province, China, exceeded 1,500 mg/
• 0.3 mg/kg (EC 1881/2006) kg, posing a serious threat to the health of surrounding residents.
• Japan, drinking water Pb limit 0.01 mg/ Regarding crops, research indicates that vegetables like spinach
• CAC, drinking water Pb limit 0.01 mg/L under Cr (VI) pollution conditions where accumulation is more sig­
• nificant.31 Table S3 provides a comprehensive overview of Cr’s
• root vegetables and rice. Soil As pollution can Pb to excessive As feed).32 Cu and Zn are essential trace elements for crop growth,
• content in crops (e.g., root vegetables).22 Short-term high intake but excessive accumulation inhibits growth (e.g., blocked root
• thiol groups and interfering with metabolic enzyme activity.25 appropriate ranges, participating in various metabolic pro­
• are summarized in Table S2. These heavy metals are persistent, easily accumulated in soil,
• Table 3. Heavy metal input characteristics and risk management measures for industrial pollution sources
• and can be biomagnified through the food chain. Long-term low- 26,200 mg/kg, Zn 3,358–21,867 mg/kg, far exceeding back­
• ards of Cu, Zn, Ni, and Co are summarized in Table S4. and Pb can enter roots via calcium channels or surface binding.
• mental quality standards. summarized in Table 3.
• increase of 0.01–0.03 mg/kg. The use of As pesticides like lead affecting a population of about 88.5 million in the relevant water­
• higher than background values, with heavy metal content in exceeding the 0.2 mg/kg food safety limit. Informal e-waste
• as 1,000 mg/kg, far exceeding normal ranges, negatively impact­ caused severe pollution in regional farmland and the food chain.
• ening from 60 mg/kg P2O5 to 20 mg/kg P2O5 to reduce risk. as such land often poses combined pollution risks from Pb and
• 20–40 mg/kg dry solids, Pb 750–1,200 mg/kg) and sets applica­ complex exposure pathways, including intake from homegrown
• land.48 Cu/Zn content in vegetable plots and grain fields with implement standardized centralized management for e-waste
• show that agricultural inputs are important diffuse sources of Table S6 presents the risk characteristics and management sug­
• reduce agricultural product risks. Table S5 summarizes the heavy The magnitude of heavy metal contamination in agricultural sys­
• Domestic pollution sources that 14%–17% of global cropland—approximately 240 million

Methods (brief)

• agricultural pollution sources. A landmark study published in Science (2025) compiled data
• from nearly 800,000 soil samples worldwide and estimated
• Copper combined with ICP-MS technology for regular determination of
• Process monitoring areas, blood and urine samples should be collected regularly
• wheat, samples of roots, leaves, and grains should be collected should focus on assessing the health impacts on exposed pop­
• and agricultural product samples, clarifying pollution degree and (such as rice), with a prediction accuracy (R2) exceeding 0.85,
• G., and Aaseth, J. (2020). Arsenic Toxicity: Molecular Targets and Ther­
• Rai, S.N., Kumar, A., Singh, A., Singh, M.P., et al. (2022). Hexavalent- 45. Meng, W., Wang, Z., Hu, B., Wang, Z., Li, H., and Goodman, R.C. (2016).
• heavy metal stress in rice using spatial clustering based on time series of 154. Monrad, M., Ersbøll, A.K., Sørensen, M., Baastrup, R., Hansen, B., Gam­
• crop spectral information. Environ. Earth Sci. 83, 374. melmark, A., Tjønneland, A., Overvad, K., and Raaschou-Nielsen, O.
• available techniques for industrial waste water. J. Clean. Prod. 29–30, 155. Bjørklund, G., Mutter, J., and Aaseth, J. (2017). Metal chelators and

Implications

This page makes the source discoverable for category-level evidence routing. Values remain source-native and should be used only with the stated matrix, species, basis, geography, and censoring context from the paper. The page does not convert total mercury to methylmercury or use total arsenic as inorganic arsenic.

Wiki pages this source may touch

• Fish — marine, non-predatory (sardines, anchovies, salmon, cod)
• Root-Vegetable Purees
• Mercury
• Mercury
• Cadmium
• Lead
• Arsenic
• Nickel
• Chromium

Verification notes

• Identity check: DOI, raw handle, candidate cite-key, and SHA-256 were compared against existing wiki/sources/ pages before creation.
• Full-PDF read: pdftotext -layout was run on the full PDF twice; extracted text hashes matched before the page was written.
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• Brand firewall: the worker skips PDFs when extracted numeric lines appear brand/manufacturer-sensitive; this page contains category-level or species-level evidence only.
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Update history

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