Overview
This source page is a mechanical bulk-ingest record for a PDF in the research-pulls corpus. It preserves source-level identity, routeable product/analyte scope, and exact extracted numeric lines for later human or fresh-context audit. It does not derive HMTc thresholds, percentiles, or brand-by-brand comparisons.
Key numbers
The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:
- Abstract This study evaluated the effectiveness of decreased from 52.1% to 28.4% with SSB450. PCA
- ing an approximately 53.1% decrease, and produced
- cling of carbon and mineral nutrients in a more stable fied as a Vertisol (USDA, 2022).
- less stable materials(Huang et al., 2017), whereas
- determined in deionized water using a 1:10 (m/v) Biochar was applied at 5% (w/w), after passage
- cally (PerkinElmer Lambda 25 UV/Vis) at 400 nm °C) typically exhibits a highly aromatic and stable
- FC(%) = 100% − (moisture(%) − volatilematter(%) − ash.(%)) pH 7.0. Sodium and potassium were measured by
- %O = 100 − (%C + %H + %N + %S + %ash) (3) was determined using Mehlich-1 extraction followed
- was adjusted to 60% of field capacity and pre-incu-
- tion (F1), reducible fraction (F2), oxidizable frac- (Tr) were Zn = 1, Cr = 2, Cu = 5, Co = 5, Ni = 5,
- mineral phases. high). Toxic-response factors were Zn = 1, Cr = 2,
- BCR-701, with recoveries between 92 and 108%. and > 600 (very high risk). Five types of RAC
- Each biological replicate was analyzed with three risks were defined no risk (NR, RAC < 1%),
- analytical replicates. low risk (LR, 1% ≤ RAC < 10%), medium
- Ecological risk and contamination indices were risk (MR, 10% ≤ RAC < 30%), high risk (HR,
- calculated from the sequential extraction data using 30% ≤ RAC < 50%), and very high risk (VHR,
- the following Eqs. 4–10. Because these indices RAC ≥ 50%); Cd is the sum of CF; and mCd), where
- assessment code, Cd is the contamination degree, biochars, Tables 1, 2. Relative to untreated sewage
- Table 1 Physicochemical characteristics and proximate analy- the magnitude of this effect varied among elements
- decreased from 69.5% in the untreated soil to 60.0%
- Moisture (%) 8.2 ± 0.4 5.1 ± 0.3 3.2 ± 0.2 2.1 ± 0.1 tively. Copper and Zn also became less concentrated
- Ash (%) 15.9 ± 1.2 39.5 ± 2.1 52.4 ± 2.8 60.6 ± 3.2 ments, indicating limited mobility irrespective of
- Table 2 Ultimate analysis of sewage sludge and derived bio-
- C (%) 25.15 ± 1.2 20.31 ± 1.0 18.51 ± 0.9 16.17 ± 0.8 lower ecological risk across all biochar treatments.
- H (%) 4.41 ± 0.3 1.42 ± 0.1 1.01 ± 0.1 0.73 ± 0.1 The strongest improvements were observed for Cd
- N (%) 4.44 ± 0.2 3.51 ± 0.2 3.06 ± 0.2 2.86 ± 0.1 and Pb. For Cd, RAC declined from 28.3% in the con-
- O* (%) 4.07 ± 0.4 2.41 ± 0.3 1.46 ± 0.2 0.71 ± 0.1 and 11.3% with SSB600. For Pb, RAC decreased
- increasing thermal condensation and structural the first two principal components explained 94.0%
- toward more stable fractions (F3 + F4), although and − 1.652 for SSB600, indicating that SSB450 was
- PC2 = 7.7%), Fig. 3a. Fixed carbon and organic carbon
- Component 2 (11,1 %) Ecological Index
- Component 1 (82,9 %) Principal component
- Component 1 (89,5 %) Principal component
- affinity for mineral and organic phases. Accordingly, 450 °C was the most suitable pyrolysis temperature
- earlier activities that could reasonably be perceived as influenc- US EPA, 2007. Method 6200: Field portable X-ray fluores-
Methods (brief)
- exchange, complexation, and precipitation reactions Soil samples were collected from a multi-contami-
- form (Bridle & Pritchard, 2004; Fytili & Zabaniotou, Composite samples were collected from the 0–20
- the samples were air-dried and used for physicochem-
- fraction was obtained after digestion according to ment framework used in the original study. Index
- ured by ICP-OES (Agilent 720). Quality assurance were interpreted as < 150 (low risk), 150–300
- Cruz das Almas for providing sewage sludge samples used in of heavy metal encapsulation in geopolymerized industrial
-
- A review. Waste Management, 28, 215–225. https://doi. U.S. EPA. (1996). “Method 3050B: Acid Digestion of Sedi-
Implications
This page makes the source discoverable for category-level evidence routing. Values remain source-native and should be used only with the stated matrix, species, basis, geography, and censoring context from the paper. The page does not convert total mercury to methylmercury or use total arsenic as inorganic arsenic.
Wiki pages this source may touch
Verification notes
- Identity check: DOI, raw handle, candidate cite-key, and SHA-256 were compared against existing
wiki/sources/pages before creation. - Full-PDF read:
pdftotext -layoutwas run on the full PDF twice; extracted text hashes matched before the page was written. - Numeric verification: numeric/table-bearing lines were selected mechanically from the verified extraction and preserved without unit conversion or rounding.
- Brand firewall: the worker skips PDFs when extracted numeric lines appear brand/manufacturer-sensitive; this page contains category-level or species-level evidence only.
- HMTc firewall: no threshold, percentile, pass/fail, clean/dirty, or certification math is stated.
Update history
The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.