Overview
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Key numbers
The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:
- siveness during a viral respiratory disease challenge. Treatments were control (CT; n = 7) or GBD (n = 8), where GBD heifers
- underwent a protocol to increase gut permeability using aspirin (100 mg/kg of body weight every 12 h for 4 consecutive
- Abbreviations: APP, acute-phase protein; BAS, basophil count; BAS%, basophils as a percentage of white blood cells; BHV-1, bovine herpesvirus-
- been reported to be as much as $2 billion annually (Powell 2013; tive nitrogen balance and a 30% increase in energy expenditure
- accounts for approximately 75% of feedlot morbidity and the gut is the body’s largest immune organ by surface area (Mani
- greater than 50% of feedlot mortality (Edwards 1996). Thereby, et al. 2012; Stewart et al. 2017), and that 70%–80% of immune
- ited a decrease in ADG of 4%, a decrease in final BW of 1.7%, and during BRD infection, creating a compounding negative effect on
- a decrease in hot carcass weight of 2.6% compared to non- health and performance. This study aimed to assess how increased
- Babcock et al. 2006; Vogel et al. 2015), which is attributable in
- procedures involving live animals were reviewed and approved All heifers were fed a basal diet (Table 1) formulated to meet
- Fifteen Angus × Holstein crossbreed heifers were obtained from samples were collected daily and composited by week (n = 2) for
- plete block design. Treatments were control (CON; n = 7) or inten in the skin to allow the passage of the catheter into the jugular
- tionally induced increased gut permeability (GBD; n = 8) by dosing vein. The catheters were fixed in position using 2-0 nylon suture
- aspirin (100 mg/kg of BW PO every 12 h) as described by Briggs (Ethicon, Inc., Raritan, NJ) at the winged attachment points, and
- administering aspirin via balling gun (100 mg/kg of body weight (BW)) to the gut barrier dysfunction group (GBD; n = 8) every 12 h from days 4 to 7 and was
- group (CT; n = 7) did not receive aspirin. Phase 3, from days 8 to 13, began when all heifers (n = 15) were inoculated with Bovine Herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) and
- Table 1 Ingredient and chemical composition of the basal diet (dry 1 mL of the reconstituted virus, were fitted with a mucosal atomi
- Oxide, 830 mg/kg Copper Sulfate, 415 mg/kg Sodium Selenite, 16.1 mg/kg added to precipitate any unreacted EDTA, which dissolved as the
- Cobalt Carbonate, 12.8 mg/kg EDDI, 56,587 IU/kg Vitamin A, 5622 IU/kg pH decreased. The final solution was brought to a pH of 6.0 using
- 33 mg/kg of the total mixed ration.
- WBC (NEU%), basophil count (BAS), basophils as a percentage On day 13, all heifers were euthanized by a licensed veterinarian
- mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean cor Opgenorth et al. (2021). Intestinal samples were �20–30 cm in
- %), platelet distribution width (PDW), platelet distribution width lected approximately 15 cm distal to the pyloric sphincter, jeju
- wash away feed contents and fixed in 10% neutral buffered for
- intraassay CV for haptoglobin and cortisol assays was <10%.
- trogen, and then stored at −80� C until RNA processing. To evalu means comparisons in PROC MIXED, applying the SLICE option
- and integrity are presented in Table S1. The complementary treatment × day effect (P = 0.07) on DMI during Phase 2 (Figure 2).
- Green PCR master mix (Cat# 4367659, Applied Biosystems) as de tion (Table 2).
- mean of the ICGs was used to normalize the expression, while the Figure 3. There was a tendency for a treatment × day effect
- ously published studies (Table S2; Rosa 2021a; Kadegowda et al. Phase 3 (Figure 3). However, there was an effect of day
- treatment groups (Table 2). Additionally, there was a tendency
- tistical model included the fixed effect of treatment and hour/day ing Phase 2 are depicted in Table 3. Treatment × hour effects of
- covariate for statistical analysis. Phase 2 included administering aspirin via balling gun (100 mg/kg of body weight) to the gut barrier dysfunction
- group (GBD; n = 8) every 12 h from days 4 to 7 followed by a 24 h withdrawal, and the control group (CT; n = 7) did not receive aspirin. Phase 3 began
- when all heifers (n = 15) were inoculated with Bovine Herpesvirus-1 on day 8. **P ≤ 0.05.
- Table 2 Effects of day on dry matter intake (DMI) and average daily There was an effect of treatment during Phase 2 on WBC and
- vaginal temperature (DVT) of all heifers during the respiratory disease LYM, in which GBD had less (P ≤ 0.01) mean WBC and LYM com
- challenge (Phase 3). pared to CT (Table 3). Additionally, there was a tendency for an
- creased (P = 0.08) mean MCV compared to CT (Table 3). No other
- ing Phase 2 (P ≥ 0.11; Table 3).
- BAS%, and PDW% during Phase 2 (P ≤ 0.03; Table 3). WBC, LYM,
- (P ≤ 0.01; Table 4). Oppositely, MCV, PDW, and PDW% increased
Methods (brief)
- Animals, feeding, and housing Refusals were removed daily, weighed, and sampled for dry mat
- Fifteen Angus × Holstein crossbreed heifers were obtained from samples were collected daily and composited by week (n = 2) for
- samples were collected on day 5 (Figure 1) via jugular venipunc On day −1, all heifers were fitted with indwelling vaginal tem
- vidual paired-day unshrunk body weight (BW) was collected to daily vaginal temperatures (DVT).
- Ga × 76 cm tubing extension (MILA International, Inc., Florence, water, and blood samples were collected at hours −0.5, 0, 1, 2,
- tions, and the first 10 mL of blood and saline were collected into baseline permeability (Phase 2), and a second time 12 hours af
- a waste syringe and discarded. The blood sample was collected ter the final dose of aspirin from day 8 to 10, to examine the ef
- vacutainer tubes for each time point as follows: serum samples administration and sampling period, a 24-hour washout period
- were collected into 8.5 mL serum separator tubes, plasma samples from days 3 to 4 was implemented to allow for clearance of any
- were collected into 10 mL sodium heparin tubes, whole blood was remaining marker. Blood samples were centrifuged at 2,500 × g
- collected into 3 mL K2 EDTA tubes, and plasma samples for Cr-
- using plasma mass spectrometry (Michigan State Veterinary
- EDTA analysis were collected into 6 mL trace element K2 EDTA
- tubes (BD, Franklin Lakes, NJ). After each sample collection, 15 mL
- tubing was clamped between blood sample collections, and the
- aspirin, as recommended by Smith et al. (2008) for meat and milk Blood samples were collected to measure the hematological
- phosphate-buffered saline. Two syringes per calf, each containing (Figure 1). Whole blood samples were analyzed for CBC using a
- (HCT%), red cell distribution width (RDW), red cell distribution odenum, jejunum, and ileum) were collected immediately fol
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Update history
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