Overview
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Key numbers
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- of F. verticillioides at pH 2 showed a maximum Cr(VI) removal achieving 77% and 79% removal,
- optimal Cr(VI) removal (69%) for biomass and (97%) for filtrate, respectively. Increasing inoculum
- concentrations, with no removal observed at 60 mg/l. Removal efficiency also increased significantly
- approximately 95% and 78% of Cr(VI) to Cr(III), respectively, suggesting these fungi offer eco-friendly
- Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) with a purity of 95% and 1, 5-diphenyl-carbazide were purchased from Merck
- During the preparation of a 40 mg/l chromate solution in tap water, weak microbial growth was observed in
- cultures were isolated and sub-cultured on Czapek Dox agar containing 5 mg/l K2Cr2O7, then incubated at 28 °C
- with 70% ethanol and let to air dry, the final pellet was re-suspended in 100 µl of sterile bi-distilled water.
- to create the inoculum. A 100 ml malt extract broth containing 5 mg/l Cr(VI) final concentration in 500 ml
- Percentage of chromium elimination = (A−B) /A × 100.
- Using HCl and NaOH, the pH of the malt extract medium with 5 mg/l of Cr(VI) was varied from pH 2
- The effect of different inoculum sizes in the range between (9.5–380 × 107 CFU) on Cr(VI) removal was studied.
- Malt extract medium modified with Cr(VI) at doses of 0–60 mg/l (100 ml) in 500 ml Erlenmeyer flasks were
- supplemented with 5 mg/l Cr(VI) were inoculated with 38 × 108 CFU of tested organisms. The first group was
- 4 for F. oxysporum, 5 mg/l Cr(VI), 38 × 108 CFU inoculum, 28 °C incubation temp, shaking at 140 rpm, and
- 5 days incubation), 1 g wet wight of fungal biomass or 2 ml of fungal filtrate was added to 100 ml of 5 mg/l
- buffer (pH 7). After incubating the mixture at 37 °C for 30 min, the reaction was stopped by adding 500 µl of 20%
- trichloroacetic acid. Subsequently, 2 ml of 0.5% (w/v) 1,5-diphenylcarbazide in acetone was added to develop
- fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde, gold-coated for SEM investigation using JEOL-Model JSM T20 scanning electron
- oxysporum, 5 mg/l Cr(VI), 38 × 108 CFU, 28 °C incubation temp, shaking at 140 rpm, and 5 days incubation. A
- The SPSS 16.0 program was used to statistically analyze the collected data using the Duncan’s multiple range test
- In this investigation, two isolates (isolate no. 1 and isolate no. 4) were isolated from 40 mg/l Cr(IV) solution
- to F. verticillioides with 99% similarity as shown in Fig. 2c. The 18S rRNA sequence of F. verticillioides (Sacc.)
- related to F. oxysporum with 99% similarity as shown in Fig. 2d. The 18S rRNA sequence of F. oxysporum was
- from chromium-contaminated soil, can remove up to 100% of Cr(VI) at low concentrations after 12 days16. F.
- oxysporum has also demonstrated up to 90% chromium removal efficiency in previous studies13. Other Fusarium
- and 88%, making it the preferred choice for fungal cultivation. Growth in malt extract medium increased by
- medium (100 ml), 5 mg/l Cr(VI), 8 × 108 CFU inoculum size, 28 °C incubation temp, shaking at 140 rpm, and
- conditions: medium (100 ml), 5 mg/l Cr(VI), 8 × 108 CFU inoculum size, 28 °C incubation temp, shaking at
- of malt extract medium is likely due to its high carbohydrate content (around 90%), especially maltose, along
- As shown in Table 1. F. verticillioides showed maximum removal at pH 2, achieving 77% and 79% removal
- for biomass (70%) and pH 4 for filtrate (97%)) indicating species-specific differences in chromium uptake and
- tested pH range, declining only to 77% at pH 9.
- Table 2 shows that maximal Cr(VI) elimination by both F. verticillioides and F. oxysporum occurred under shaking
- conditions. For F. verticillioides, Cr(VI) removal increased with medium volume from 50 ml (53 and 65%) to
- 100 ml (87 and 96%) for the biomass and filtrate, respectively then declined with further volume increase. Under
- static conditions, F. verticillioides biomass achieved maximum removal at 100 ml (51%), while filtrate peaked at
- 50 ml (63%). F. oxysporum showed highest removal rates of 68–69% (biomass) and 92% (filtrate) under shaking
- with 50–100 ml medium, and lower rates under static conditions (50–51% biomass, 68–69% filtrate).
- Table 1. Effect of growth medium pH on Cr(VI) removal by tested organism. (Growth conditions: malt extract
- medium (100 ml), 5 mg/l Cr(VI), 8 × 108 CFU inoculum size, 28 °C incubation temp, shaking at 140 rpm, and
- Table 2. Effect of different aeration levels on Cr(VI) removal under shaking and static conditions. (Growth
Methods (brief)
- debris. Atomic absorption spectroscopy indicated that F. verticillioides and F. oxysporum converted
- plied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) was mixed with the DNA samples that included the extension products. After
- collected by centrifugation at 10,000 rpm for 10 min after incubation of tested fungi under optimal conditions
- centrifuged again; the supernatant was collected as the endo-cell free extract, while the precipitate was washed
- Cr(VI). Fungal cultures without Cr(VI) served as controls. After incubation, fungal mycelia were collected and
- Determination of total chromium by atomic absorption spectroscopy AAS
- The concentration of total chromium in tested samples was evaluated for both mycelia and filtrates after growth
- control samples were obtained after growth of the tested fungi under the same conditions in malt extract medium
- without Cr(VI). After being cleaned with water, the biomass was dried. The Anton-Paar microwave digestion
- equipment (Multiwave PRO) was used to microwave digest the samples in an acidic solution. The Agilent 5100
- Synchronous Vertical Dual View (SVDV) ICP-OES with Agilent Vapor Generation Accessory VGA 77 was used
- to determine the metal ions. Each sample was digested to provide a suitable matrix for metal ion measurement
- reference standards from Merck, and standard reference material and quality control sample from National
- The SPSS 16.0 program was used to statistically analyze the collected data using the Duncan’s multiple range test
- Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS)
- Sample Total chromium
- supplemented with 5 mg/L Cr(VI) as detected by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Growth conditions: malt
- performers. However, in agreement with the AAS results, this performance should be interpreted primarily as
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Update history
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