yield under arsenic stress in rice

Overview

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the seeding stage. In pot experiments with 40 mg/kg As(III)-contaminated soil,
was analyzed using Avantage software. The details were performed the leaves were left in the tube, 5 mL of 95% ethanol was added, and
Rice seeds were disinfected with 75% ethanol and 0.5% NaClO and The leaves of 21-d seedings treated with 40 mM As(III), 40 mM
then subjected to accelerate germination at 37°C. The germinated As(III) + 0.25% NNFB, and 40 mM As(III) + 0.5% NNFB for 7 days
Supplementary Table S1). The rice growth condition was follows: expressed as U mg−1 protein min−1.
carried out. Supplementary Table S2 shows the operations for each digested with 5 mL of HNO3 overnight in a digestion tank, which
day, and humidity of 60%. solution to a ﬁnal volume of 25 mL. The total As concentration was
mM As(III) or treated with 40 mM As(III) with either 0.15% NNFB, et al., 2024; Sun et al., 2024).
The tested soil contained 40 mg/kg As(III) along with three Total RNA was extracted from different tissues using TRIzol
different concentrations of NNFBs (0%, 0.5% and 1% of mass ratio), reagent (Yeasen, Shanghai, China). After treatment with DNase I, the
and potassium were 128, 89, and 71 mg/kg in soil, respectively. The (No Rox) (Yeasen, Shanghai, China). The reaction procedure for qRT-
centrifugation tube containing 5 mL of diaminobenzidine (DAB) are listed in Supplementary Table S3. The single sample had three
The XRD was used to scan the range of 2q = 0°–100° (Figure 2). changes in As3d ﬁne spectra indicated that NNFB adsorbed As on its
the process of As adsorption, which is consistent with previous (containing 14.28% mass fraction of biomass), and 0.15% of NNFB
studies indicating that iron oxides and their hydroxides possess B (containing 50% mass fraction of biomass) were carried out in
excellent adsorption capacities for As. Collectively, the NNFB had rice seed germination. The results showed that 0.15% NFM had no
surface NNFB was reduced after adsorbed As, which might play a and roots at germination stage. The 0.15% NNFB A and NNFB B
3.3 The NNFB promotes seedling stage under As(III) stress, 0% of NNFB (CK), 0.15% of NFM, 0.15%
To investigate the impact of NNFB at rice seed germination length was increased extensively after treatment by 0.15% NFB,
with 0.15% nano-ferro-silicon material (NFM), 0.15% of NNFB A bud length increased signiﬁcantly compared to CK in the
and bud length (A2) of rice after 7 days of germination under treatment with 0, 20, 40, and 60 mM As(III), respectively (n=8). Duncan’s test, p < 0.05.
treatment with 40 mM As(III) alone (CK) and the combination of 40 mM As(III) with either 0.15% NNFB, NNFB A, or NNFB B, respectively (n=14).
treatments with 0.15% NFB, NNFB A, and NNFB B (Figures 4B2, 3.4 The NNFB alleviates the effect of As
concentrations of 0.25% and 0.5% NNFB were selected to evaluate activity was signiﬁcantly increased following the addition of two
with 0.25% and 0.5% NNFB compared to CK (Supplementary toxicity in rice seedlings by reducing ROS and increasing POD
amount of root and aboveground were increased signiﬁcantly decreased when added 0.25% and 0.5% of NNFB in 40 mM As
when added with 0.25% and 0.5% NNFB (Figure 5). In addition, (III) treatment (Figure 5D). Consistently, the transcript levels of As
the mean increment of root and aboveground were 4.25 and 1.27, transport genes OsLsi1, OsLsi2 (Ma et al., 2008), and OsABCC1
and 3.75 and 1.86 times higher when applying 0.25% and 0.5% of (Song et al., 2014) were markedly downregulated in 40 mM As(III) +
results indicated that the supplementation of 0.25% and 0.5% of OsABCC1 was signiﬁcantly higher after treatment with 40 mM As
NNFB into rice nutrient solution mitigated the inhibitory effects (III) + 0.5% of NNFB for 9 h (Figure 5E1), suggesting that the
0.25% and 0.5% NNFB were added, suggesting a decrease in mg/kg As(III) along with three distinct concentrations of NNFB
combination of 40 mM As(III) with 0.25% or 0.5% NNFB for 3 days (n=12). Duncan’s test, p < 0.05. (B) DAB staining of leaves from 21-day-old
seedlings treated with 40 mM As(III) alone (CK) and the combination of 40 mM As(III) with 0.25% or 0.5% NNFB for 3 days. (B1) 40 mM As(III); (B2) 40
mM As(III) + 0.25% NNFB; (B3) 40 mM As(III) + 0.5% NNFB. Bar = 1 mm. (C) Comparison of POD enzyme activity in leaves of 21-day-old seedlings
after 3 days treatment with 40 mM As(III) alone and the combination of 40 mM As(III) with 0.25% or 0.5% NNFB, respectively. (D) Comparison of total
As content in rice seedlings after 3 days treatment with 40 mM As(III) alone and the combination of 40 mM As(III) with 0.25% or 0.5% NNFB,
application of 0.5% and 1% of NNFB compared to CK of NNFB to arsenic-contaminated soil can effectively alleviate As
(Figure 6A1), the aboveground biomass in 1% NNFB (36.16 ± stress and increase rice yield.
concentrations (0.5% and 1%) of NNFB in soil containing 40 mg/
growth amount of root (A1) and aboveground (A2) of rice plants grown in soils treated with 40 mg/kg As(III) without or with 0.5% or 1% NNFB. (B)
Comparison of tiller number (B1) and effective tiller number (B2) of rice plants grown in soils treated with 40 mg/kg As(III) without or with 0.5% or 1%

Methods (brief)

(CAAS), China Agricultural Industrialization Development Service Center of Tonglu County, Hangzhou, China
iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) in both the above- and turn to obtain a tan powder, which was named sample C. For step 5,
belowground growth of plants (Sigua et al., 2016). The application the sample C was wrapped in tinfoil tightly, then it was put into a
process converting AsIII into AsV (Yu et al., 2017). In a word, the solid matter was collected. For step 8, the solid matter collected in the
exceptional properties unattainable by conventional counterparts, For step 11, the solid matter was collected and then placed it into a
The structure and surface morphology of the samples were same amount of ethanol every 10 min until the leaves are
above experiments by 40 mM NaAsO2 solution and NNFB was Totally, 0.2–1.0 g of dried As-treated 21-d seedlings was
carried out. Supplementary Table S2 shows the operations for each digested with 5 mL of HNO3 overnight in a digestion tank, which
at 28°C, light of 18,000 lx, light for 16 h and darkness for 8 h in 1 After cooling naturally, deionized water was added to the digestion
The rice root length and bud length were also determined using quantiﬁed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-
collected soil and incubated under ﬂooded conditions for 14 days PCR (qRT-PCR) was conducted in a Bio-Rad CFX96 Real-Time PCR
centrifugation tube containing 5 mL of diaminobenzidine (DAB) are listed in Supplementary Table S3. The single sample had three
between treatments or samples, where p-value <0.05 was considered
the NaAsO2 solution were designated as sample 1 and sample 2,
3.1 Physicochemical properties of NNFB respectively. Hereinafter, the NaAsO2 solution was named as As(III).
The morphology of NNFB was characterized by SEM analysis, the surface of sample 2 compared to sample 1 (Figures 2A, 3A),
All samples disclosed dispersion peaks at 30.283°, 35.677°, and surface. In addition, the Fe2p spectra showed that Fe3+ had two
Finnegan, P. M., and Chen, W. (2012). Arsenic toxicity: The effects on plant Raab, A., Schat, H., Meharg, A. A., and Feldmann, J. (2005). Uptake, translocation

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The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
b01ec52c	2026-08-04	major	2 sections added
d49e450f	2026-08-03	major	5 sections added; narrative text revised