retention, reduced acrylamide formation, and suitability for gluten-free formulations. The

Overview

This source page is a mechanical bulk-ingest record for a PDF in the methylmercury infant-formula research pull. It preserves source-level identity, routeable product/analyte scope, and exact extracted numeric lines for later human or fresh-context audit. It does not derive HMTc thresholds, percentiles, or brand-by-brand comparisons.

Key numbers

The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:

• Rafał Wiśniewski 1 , Ewa Pejcz 1, * and Joanna Harasym 1,2
• 1 Department of Biotechnology and Food Analysis, Wroclaw University of Economics and Business,
• Komandorska 118/120, 53-345 Wroclaw, Poland; rafal.wisniewski@ue.wroc.pl (R.W.);
• 2 Adaptive Food Systems Accelerator-Science Centre, Wroclaw University of Economics and Business,
• Molecules 2025, 30, 2838. https:// Edible tubers—including beetroot (Beta vulgaris), carrot (Daucus carota), cassava (Mani-
• Copyright: © 2025 by the authors. spp.), Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus), taro (Colocasia esculenta), and yacon (Small-
• growing importance in health-oriented food systems (Figure 1). These tubers are increas-
• licenses/by/4.0/). nutritional profiles, these crops offer technological advantages such as improved texture,
• enriched foods (1,2). These crops exhibit unique functional and rheological properties, in-
• cluding high water-binding capacity, improved crumb structure, and natural sweetness (3).
• viduals with celiac disease or non-celiac gluten sensitivity (4). Despite many advantages,
• are abundant in anthocyanins such as peonidin-3-glucoside, which modulate Nrf2 and
• NF-κB pathways and exhibit hepatoprotective and neuroprotective activity (3). Jerusalem
• and Lactobacillus spp. (3). Likewise, Chinese yam contributes unique polysaccharides,
• zero-waste and circular bioeconomy strategies (2,6).
• across multiple types or technological applications (7). This gap inhibits the optimized
• suitability for processing (Table 1).
• Table 1. Chemical composition of root vegetables per 100 g of fresh weight (%).
• Material (kcal/100 g) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
• Beetroot 43 1.1 9.6 Total 6.76 ND 0.17 1.6 2.8 87.6 (9,15,16)
• Cassava 110–160 0.4–1.7 25.3–38.1 F: 0.3; G: 0.2; S: 1.7 0.1–0.2 0.1–0.3 0.3–3.5 0.1–3.7 59.7 (9,21–23)
• 73 1.9–2.5 15.8–17.4 Total 9.6 12–15 0.1 1.8–2 1.6 80.3 (27,28)
• publications up to April 2025, focusing on the biochemical, functional, technological, and
• 2.1. Eligibility Criteria
• 193 articles were included in the final synthesis.
• phytochemicals (15,16,29–31).
• radical scavenging and is especially abundant in outer tissues (32–35). Chlorogenic acid is
• ing up to 90% of the total phenolics and reaching 200 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g
• dry weight (dw) (32–37). Cassava peels and stems are rich in hydroxybenzoic acids like
• gallic and protocatechuic acid, contributing to moderate antioxidant activity (32–34,36,38).
• purple-flesh potato cultivars (32,33,37–42). Jerusalem artichoke offers a unique flavonoid
• been linked to estrogenic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties (43,44).
• color and biological activity (33,35,39,40,45). Carrots contain 10–40 mg GAE/100 g fresh
• highlighting cultivar-driven variability (33,37,46). Cassava extracts from stems contain
• mented varieties such as ‘Vitelotte’ exhibit high anthocyanin levels (up to 54.09 mg/100 g FW),
• along with chlorogenic, caffeic, p-coumaric acids, and flavonoids such as quercetin-3-O-
• rutinoside (41,42). In Jerusalem artichoke, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography
• analysis identified over 50 polyphenolic compounds, including chlorogenic, neochlorogenic,
• ing at 200 ◦ C enhances the extractability of chlorogenic acid in potatoes and ferulic
• powders (15,16,29–31,35,39,40,47). Fermentation can increase the proportion of free phe-
• anticarcinogenic, and cholesterol-lowering effects (48–53). RS also improves glycemic con-
• RS is categorized into five types (RS1–RS5) based on structure and digestibility: RS1

Methods (brief)

• cyanogenic glycosides, and FODMAPs (fermentable oligo-, di-, monosaccharides, and
• prebiotics; functional bakery; acrylamide; FODMAPs; cyanogenic glycosides
• cyanogenic glycosides, as well as FODMAP (fermentable oligo-, di-, monosaccharides, and
• oxalates, and cyanogenic glycosides can limit their utilization, while the high FODMAP
• coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS)
• Resistant starch (RS), a form of dietary fiber, escapes enzymatic digestion in the small
• fw (118). The estimated potential for acrylamide formation in the analyzed potato samples
• in taro samples from the RIN (Ibo Ngaoundere) and CE (Country Ekona) varieties was mea-
• in bread. Two carrot samples (Q1 and Q2) showed significant differences in Asn and
• 5.2. Fermentable Oligo-, Di-, Monosaccharides, and Polyols (FODMAPs)
• FODMAPs represent a class of short-chain carbohydrates that are poorly absorbed
• galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), are considered moderate to high FODMAP sources.
• lower levels of FODMAPs, though processing methods such as fermentation and soaking
• classified as low-FODMAP tubers and are well tolerated by sensitive populations, making
• them suitable bases for functional bakery products aimed at consumers with FODMAP
• intolerance (137–139). Notably, the majority of FODMAPs in tubers are water soluble
• processing in modulating FODMAP levels (139). From a technological perspective, high-
• FODMAP ingredients may present functionality advantages, such as enhanced water-

Implications

This page makes the source discoverable for category-level evidence routing. Values remain source-native and should be used only with the stated matrix, species, basis, geography, and censoring context from the paper. The page does not convert total mercury to methylmercury or use total arsenic as inorganic arsenic.

Wiki pages this source may touch

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• Lead
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Verification notes

• Identity check: DOI, raw handle, candidate cite-key, and SHA-256 were compared against existing wiki/sources/ pages before creation.
• Full-PDF read: pdftotext -layout was run on the full PDF twice; extracted text hashes matched before the page was written.
• Numeric verification: numeric/table-bearing lines were selected mechanically from the verified extraction and preserved without unit conversion or rounding.
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• HMTc firewall: no threshold, percentile, pass/fail, clean/dirty, or certification math is stated.

Update history

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