Overview
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Key numbers
The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:
- of the 21st century (Bettencourt et al., 2021). About 80 % of the plastic Atlantic, South Atlantic, North Pacific, South Pacific, and Indian Oceans.
- seas thanks to rivers; while the remaining 20 % derives from maritime nean Sea is indicated as the sixth-largest accumulation area of floating
- in fact, they have been reported in considerable concentrations even in the Atlantic Ocean (Béranger et al., 2010; Soto-Navarro et al., 2010).
- processes, both biotic and abiotic, including the complex polymer Plastic composition varied from one coast to another, being 77 % PE
- structure and the components of the materials. It has been highlighted and 14 % PP on average for the Ionian coast samples and 66 % PE and
- that MPs have been found in many commercially important fish species 18 % PP for the Tyrrhenian coast ones. Ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA),
- for digestion migration assays. Certified reference material ERM- reported in Table S1. For digestion, 50 mg of each sample were placed in
- EC681m (JRC, Geel, Belgium) was used as model for LDPE. This Teflon vessels with 2.3 mL of HNO3 (65 %) and 1 mL of H2O2 (30 %).
- water, then analyzed by ICP-MS. A Perkin Elmer Elan DRC-e mass Table 1.
- described in Table S2. Instrumental limit of quantification (LQ) was observed varies to a large extent from one metal to another and between
- same conditions as described in Table S2. Matrix recovery assays were If milling conditions are compared, higher concentrations were
- conditions as samples. Recovery values between 85 % and 130 % were do not seem to justify such differences, although they may contribute to
- sea, which were lower than 20 %, which justifies that the values ob process could modify the composition on the surface of the material,
- for metal release in in vitro fish digestion studies. Table 2 shows the
- at 272 μm, with 10 % of volume population below 100 μm. Raw and required during the intestinal phase. Comparing the different polymer
- Concentrations of metals in digestion media after in vitro assays. Mean ± standard deviation (n = 3). Concentration values expressed as the difference with respect to
- relative terms, considering the total metal concentrations in the bulk PP for Sb (see Table S3), make these results less significant. In general,
- materials (see Table S3), so results can be expressed as percentages of PVC shows no significant migration in comparison to the other two
- percentages lower than 15 % were obtained for most of the metals chromium as CaCrO4, which may explain its solubility in acidic media,
- gastric phase. plastics models and results are shown in Table 3.
- modifying the amount of metal finally bio-accessible. monitoring Pb. As in the case of Table 3, these samples had previously
- Table S3. These concentrations are in good agreement with those found media shown in Table 3. These particles containing Pb could be related
- Concentrations of metals in digestion media after in vitro assays. Mean ± standard deviation (n = 3). Concentration values expressed as the difference with respect to
- Béranger, et al., 2010. Impact of the spatial distribution of the atmospheric forcing on biomass for up-scaling rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum 1792)
Methods (brief)
- Release of heavy metals during in vitro fish gastrointestinal digestion from
- microplastics collected at Calabrian coasts
- Heavy metals collected at different points on the Calabrian coast (areas of both Tyrrhenian and Ionian seas) during simulated
- Microplastics fish digestion processes has been studied. The effect of particle size and polymer composition on migration
- and polyvinyl chloride (PVC)) as models. In vitro fish digestion simulation consists of two different phases:
- centrations released during both digestion phases for most of the metals studied. Plastics collected on the
- Calabrian coast also show metal migration during digestion simulations, being significant for chromium, lead,
- cadmium and zinc. Particulates containing lead were also detected by single particle ICP-MS, which may
- correspond to solid deposits on plastic surfaces released during digestion simulations.
- chemical-physical actions, oxygen present in the air is one of the most collected on beaches of the French Atlantic coast were analyzed and
- breaking of the chains causes the phenomenon of chemo-crystallization, Plastics from four environmental (marine water) samples were
- creating crystalline spherules with a volumetric contraction, producing collected and studied. Samples from the Calabrian Ionian Coast
- increasingly smaller fragments (Schmid et al., 2021). Biological degra (Southern Italy) were collected in Corace, Neto, and Crati (river
- cellular enzymes produced by environmental bacteria and other collected in Cetraro, Vibo Marina, and Gioia Tauro (port and tourist
- microorganisms that break the chemical bonds that bind the plastic areas). All of them were collected during two campaigns, along the first
- molecules (Zettler et al., 2013; Shah et al., 2008). It has been reported (I) and second (II) half of 2022. Samples from each coast were combined
- that different types of plastic polymers have variable sensitivity to the in the experimental procedure, giving four different samples: Ionian (I
- action of enzymes and UV rays (Lambert et al., 2014). Some charac and II) and Tyrrhenian (I and II). The characterization of such samples is
Implications
This page makes the source discoverable for category-level evidence routing. Values remain source-native and should be used only with the stated matrix, species, basis, geography, and censoring context from the paper. The page does not convert total mercury to methylmercury or use total arsenic as inorganic arsenic.
Wiki pages this source may touch
- Fish — marine, non-predatory (sardines, anchovies, salmon, cod)
- Shellfish (shrimp, crab, lobster, clams, oysters, mussels)
- Mercury
- Cadmium
- Lead
- Tin
- Chromium
Verification notes
- Identity check: DOI, raw handle, candidate cite-key, and SHA-256 were compared against existing
wiki/sources/pages before creation. - Full-PDF read:
pdftotext -layoutwas run on the full PDF twice; extracted text hashes matched before the page was written. - Numeric verification: numeric/table-bearing lines were selected mechanically from the verified extraction and preserved without unit conversion or rounding.
- Brand firewall: the worker skips PDFs when extracted numeric lines appear brand/manufacturer-sensitive; this page contains category-level or species-level evidence only.
- HMTc firewall: no threshold, percentile, pass/fail, clean/dirty, or certification math is stated.
Update history
The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.