NLC-Based Sunscreen Formulations with Optimized

Overview

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Junior, E.A.; Faro, R.; Azevedo, H. encapsulation efficiency (>90%), and drug content (>80%), which were preserved for at least 90 days
despite a 10% reduction in the total filters content. Altogether, these results describe the application
distributed under the terms and into three radiation ranges known as UVA (320 to 400 nm), UVB (290 to 320 nm), and
microparticle size range is acceptable, given their low percutaneous absorption (1,11,12);
instance, a 2-fold increase in SPF was reported when 20% (w/w) of a lipid-based nanocarrier
submitted to high-intensity probe sonication (20% amplitude) for 10 min, using a high-
lipid load (10%—the proportion of bacuri butter and raspberry seed oil is described in
patent application WO2023137532A1) and the total of filters (6%) were considered as main
model’s lack of fit were indicated by the analysis of variance (ANOVA, 95% confidence)
and their combination are shown in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. The evaluated response or
Table 2. 22 Face Centered Central Composite Design for NLCs formulation varying the proportion of
Table 1 shows the values of the factors’ levels. Finally, the response (CQA) evaluated was
of 80% cream bases (described in Section 2.12) and 20% SC-NLC or 20% purified water
1%—mobile phase B. The mobile phase flow was 0.7 mL/min, and the chromatographic
The encapsulation efficiency (%EE) of Uvinul® A plus, Uvinul® T150, and Tinosorb® S
%EE = ((Ftotal − Ffree )/Ftotal ) × 100% (1)
%LC = ((Ftotal − Ffree )/Ltotal ) × 100% (2)
Analysis of variance (ANOVA, 95% confidence level) was used to compare the significant
After the surgery, the skin was stored in NaCl 0.9% solution and kept under refrigeration for
detection wavelength of 250 nm. The LOQ of this method was 0.35291, 0.00084, and
and non-pigmented cream bases in the proportions of 10, 20, and 30% for in vitro tests
and 20% for in vivo assays. The assembled tests carried out in this study followed the
The samples that were analyzed were (I) SC-NLC 100%, (II) Emulsion 100% (obtained
(III) Cream base SPF 30 and UVAPF 10 (CB-I), (IV) Cream base 80% (diluted with water),
(V) SC-NLC 20% (w/w) in the cream base, (VI) Emulsion in a cream base in the proportion
of 20% (w/w). The cream base (CB-I) presented in its composition 13.5% of chemical
or a total weight of 70 mg (±2.5%) under dark light. The samples were let dry for 15
of 1.25; consequently, the variation dose between sites was 25%. The median dose was
in vivo request a minimum of ten valid results, which is true when the 95% confidence
interval of the SPF mean is within 17% (37,38). Thus, we certify that this condition was
Several sample groups were included in this assay; they were (a) 80% cream base + 20%
purified water, (b) 80% cream base + 20% emulsion, and (c) 80% cream base + 20% SC-
17, pigmented). The cream base CBII presented 15.86% of total chemical filters, which
ethylbutylphenol, and titanium dioxide. The CBIII presented 13.52%, composed of bis-
of the cream base compositions is presented in Table S1—Supplementary Materials.
evaluated by ANOVA and Tukey tests, using 95% confidence, and considered significantly
by the software Design Expert 13. In all tests, the used confidence interval was 95%, where
(solid lipid) and raspberry seed oil (liquid lipid), summing 10% of the formulation weight;
to 6.75% of Polysorbate 60. A broader range of the optimized region was reached when
the Polyglyceryl-3-dioleate ratio was 2.5%, in which SC-NLC presenting less than 300 nm
were produced in the range of 3 to 10% of Polysorbate 60. Additionally, the concentration
the Polyglyceryl-3-dioleate amount increases from 0 to 5%. The larger particle diameter

Methods (brief)

azone) were kindly donated by BASF (Mannheim, Germany). HPLC-grade ethanol and
can be easily scaled up in pharmaceutical industries. These samples were also obtained
sample with characteristics within the desired region. As aforementioned, the significant
samples were analyzed in a dilution of 200 times; the diluents used were water (DLS)
samples were prepared by solubilizing the filters with and without NLCs and bare-NLCs
The morphology of the optimized SC-NLC was evaluated by AFM. The sample was
speed of approximately 1 Hz to avoid damage to the sample surface.
2.9.1. Standard and Sample Preparation
within three days. The sample preparation was performed as follows: (1) 100 µL of NLCs
A Plus, Tinosorb® S, and Uvinul® T150 in the sample solution is 48, 32, and 16 µg/mL,
were detected were 20 µL and 312 nm, respectively (32). The solutions prepared for HPLC
by HPLC, following the method described in Section 2.9.2. The encapsulation efficiency
is the concentration of the non-encapsulated chemical filter collected in the ultrafiltration-
the skin explant was covered with 300 µL of sample (SC-NLCs or emulsion) in the Franz
and epidermis of each replicate were mechanically separated by heating the skin sample
Following this, the supernatant of the sample was further analyzed by HPLC. The receptor
liquid was also sampled for further analysis. Then, the concentration of Uvinul® A Plus,
were determined by HPLC (Agilent 1100 HPLC System, DAD G1315B), using the column

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Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
b01ec52c	2026-08-04	major	2 sections added
d49e450f	2026-08-03	major	5 sections added; narrative text revised