Evaluation of the Metabolite Profile of Fish Oil Omega-3 Fatty

Overview

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Key numbers

The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:

a significant decrease in serum triglycerides was detected in participants (~20%) following the
conditions of the Creative Commons rate of 5–15% (7,8). Docosapentaenoic acid (DPA3 or n-3 DPA) is found in fish oil, but
This study is a randomized, double blind, crossover study (Figure 1). Table 1 provides
Table 1. Participant eligibility criteria.
Table 2. Standardized meal plan.
ized with 300 µL 60% acetic acid (Sigma, Canada), and 50 µL of diluted internal standard
mobile phase, consisting of 0.5% formic acid in water (Mobile Phase A) and acetonitrile
(Mobile Phase B), was used with a linear gradient from 50–70% Mobile Phase B over the
with an isocratic gradient of 95% B from 8.00 to 10.00 min. All reagents used were LCMS
were purchased from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). See Table 3 for the list of
are described in Table 3. A heated electrospray ion source (HESI) was operated in negative
error less than 1 ppm. Table S1 contains the mass extraction parameters for the complete
Table 3. Chemical standards and scan parameters for Q exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometer.
concentration of the formulation versus 24 h after dosage (AUC0-24 ). The mean value for
61.8 ± 2.4 kg; Table 4); 12 participants completed the phase I trial and were included
phase II, only a small number of participants (n = 8) completed the blood lipid analysis as
Table 4. Study participants’ baseline characteristics, presented in average ± SEM.
bar graphs (Figure 3). Of notable interest was the AUC0-24 for LMF, which had the highest
treatments (Table 5). While the DHA and DPA3 concentrations do not differ significantly
Means ± SEM reported; * p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01, repeated measure two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple
compared to ENT and STD, respectively (Figure 4 and Table 6). Notably, as opposed to the
ENT treatments displayed more gradual and stable blood concentrations (Figure 4) with
pared to ENT and STD, respectively (Figure 4 and Table 6). Notably, as opposed to the
Metabolites 2024, 14, 265 ENT treatments displayed more gradual and stable blood concentrations (Figure 4) with8 of 17
Means ± SEM reported; * p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01, repeated measure two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s
assigned n = 12;n*= 12;
Table 6. Incremental blood concentration over 24 h of total n-3 FAs.
Table 6. Incremental blood concentration over 24 h of total n-3 FAs.
Means ± SEM reported; **** p ≤ 0.0001, repeated measure ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test; n = 12.
be relatively low after 24 h, significant differences were only found with the mean AUC0-24
treatment (Table 8). The most considerable difference was found between LMF and the
Figure 6. Mean total 6. Mean
Means ± SEM reported; * denotes p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01, repeated measure two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple
(Tables S3–S7). However, when the data from all three treatments were aggregated to- individual
vidual data using Time 0 as Control with Dunnett’s multiple comparison correction; n = 8.
data using Time 0 as Control with Dunnett’s multiple comparison correction; n = 8.
Tables S2–S8 present the detailed serum lipid parameters results on a day-by-day basis.
(Tables S3–S7). However, when the data from all three treatments were aggregated together,
triglycerides (~20% reduction), following the LMF treatment. A previous study by Balk
during treatment; Table S8: Serum lipid parameters combining all treatments.

Methods (brief)

evaluated by collecting capillary whole blood samples over a period of 24 h: at baseline
changes in blood lipids. Capillary blood samples were collected at baseline (t = 0 h), 3, 6, 12,
bioavailability,bloodbloodsamples
collected at 0,0,0.5, 1, 2,2,3,3,4,4,6,6,
8,Figure Treatment timeline. For bioavailability, blood samples were collected at at 0.5,
were the 4 h blood sample, and dinner after the 8 h blood sample. For blood lipids, samples were
collectedatat0,0,3,3,6,6,12,
sample and, except for 120 h, were given
the intervention immediately after blood sample collection.
The samplesdose of each
Then, samplesof identifying
The samples were prepared and analyzed according to previously published meth-
ods (22,41,42). Whole blood samples (50 µL) were hydrolyzed with 300 µL 10 M sodium
hydroxide (Sigma, Oakville, ON, Canada) at 60 ◦ C for 30 min. Then, samples were neutral-
traction (SPE, Phenomenex, Torrance, CA, USA). Samples applied to SPE were washed
The reconstituted samples were then injected at 20.0 µL volumes into a Thermo
Vanquish Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography system (UHPLC, Thermo
(Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry) grade and obtained from Fisher Scientific,

Implications

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Verification notes

Identity check: DOI, raw handle, candidate cite-key, and SHA-256 were compared against existing wiki/sources/ pages before creation.
Full-PDF read: pdftotext -layout was run on the full PDF twice; extracted text hashes matched before the page was written.
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Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
b01ec52c	2026-08-04	major	2 sections added
d49e450f	2026-08-03	major	5 sections added; narrative text revised