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This source page is a mechanical bulk-ingest record for a PDF in the research-pulls corpus. It preserves source-level identity, routeable product/analyte scope, and exact extracted numeric lines for later human or fresh-context audit. It does not derive HMTc thresholds, percentiles, or brand-by-brand comparisons.

Key numbers

The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:

• due to their increased use and ecotoxicological impacts.1 and indoor air,21,22 with notable levels above wastewater
• annum in the U.S.9 Marine BP3 concentrations typically range
• between 100 ppt and 10 ppb,8,9 with levels as high as 1 ppm in Received: July 1, 2024
• calculated at 353 ppb for acute toxicity and 48.5 ppb for Published: October 16, 2024
• which is critical for understanding its environmental fate. this would mean solutions of BP3 in 50:50 MeOH:H2O would
• compound-specific.40 at the beginning and end of each experiment. Minimal (<1%)
• oxybenzone. By systematically increasing the complexity of mixture type were prepared at 100 ppm, and subsamples were
• of the solvent (typically <1% throughout the experiments.)
• 99%) and the model photosensitizer 4-benzoylbenzoic acid (4- The collected spectra were processed and analyzed using
• BBA, Acros Organics, 99%) were prepared at ∼10 ppm (ppm) Spectragryph.49 Experimentally determined absorption spectra
• Fisher, 99.9%) and water (H2O; Milli-Q, 18 MΩ cm be seen in Figure S1 and the Supporting Information.
• photosensitized decay.46 NaCl (Fisher, 99.5%) was added with injected onto a Waters Symmetry C18 column (100 Å pore
• Additionally, one set of experiments was conducted by gradient was as follows: 0 to 1.0 min at 70% B, 1.0 to 2.5 min
• adding 10 ppm of oxybenzone to real seawater collected from transitioning from 70% to 5% B, 3.5 to 8.5 min transitioning
• the end of Scripps Pier in La Jolla, California (32.867° N, from 5% to 85% B, followed by a 1.5 min equilibration phase at
• 8.11 for this date. While the 10 ppm concentration of BP3 units, respectively. Discharge current was set to 5 μA with a
• experimental concentrations and for detection purposes via collision energy of 35 kV, in an m/z range of 150.00−1500.00.
• by weight for each substituent in 100% MeOH. Note that this photolysis rate constant, Jeff,obs (as shown in eq 1):
• to a salt concentration of 100 ppm, and BP3 dissolved in
• 100 ppm. Aerosol size distributions were measured with a
• spectral irradiance was between 300 and 350 nm, the highest solution and ranged from 0.05 to 0.72 for experiments in the
• settings. Using the standard reference solar spectrum at a 37° acetonitrile (Fisher, 99.9%) inside a cleaned and baked Pyrex
• equivalent to 5−73% solar irradiance. The two methods bath (Branson 3800). Since water was not used during
• reagent solution of 2% (by weight) acetic acid, 48% H2O, and basis set, and bond angle constraints were applied when
• 50% acetonitrile spiked with 100 ppm of NaI for mass appropriate. Coulomb integrals and COSX numerical integra-
• of the Fukui function. The representations were generated in concentration by up to 60% in the aerosol phase on the
• When experimental data is available within TEST, as for listed in Table S2. The effective BP3 photodegradation rates of
• et al.33 and Vione et al.14 are shown for comparison. The range for Li a minor but statistically insignificant (p > 0.05) increase in BP3
• range for Vione et al. is between low concentrations of nitrate and BP3 alone. Berembeim et al. found that the presence of Na+
• decreasing in concentration by 5% or less over hours in the bond.66 This would extend the lifetime of BP3’s excited state
• the effects of interfacial reactivity. characteristics.86 Table S3 lists estimated atmospheric lifetimes
• experimental and/or predicted toxicity than BP3 (see Table dation of this compound. The aerosol phase promotes

Methods (brief)

• raise concerns about its toxic impacts.8,16,17 Market research by real collected seawater. While BP3 has been detected but not
• Euromonitor reports a combined use of benzophenone class quantified yet in marine aerosol samples, BP3’s widespread
• enhance molecule-to-molecule interactions and inhibit the same solvent and cosolute mixture as the sample (i.e., all
• recombination of fragmented compounds, leading to faster constituents of the sample except for BP3.) Measurements
• and photosensitizers) in the photoinitiated degradation of 48.19°. Separately, for compositional analysis, samples of each
• oxybenzone. By systematically increasing the complexity of mixture type were prepared at 100 ppm, and subsamples were
• 99%) and the model photosensitizer 4-benzoylbenzoic acid (4- The collected spectra were processed and analyzed using
• resistivity). This solvent mixture was chosen due to the Samples were analyzed using a Vanquish UHPLC (Thermo
• hydroxyl radicals, which could potentially limit BP3’s indirect Trap-Orbitrap (Thermo Scientific). 20 μL of each sample was
• mixtures mimicking ocean water’s salinity. The pH was not gradient consisted of pure HPLC-grade water (solvent A) and
• adding 10 ppm of oxybenzone to real seawater collected from transitioning from 70% to 5% B, 3.5 to 8.5 min transitioning
• Southern California Coastal Ocean Observing System Following separation, samples were immediately analyzed
• trations reported in ocean water,8 this was done to match MS/MS scans were collected at a resolution of 60,000,
• the spiked seawater trial, the seawater sample was first diluted
• Output spectra can be found in Figure S3. Irradiance was Aerosol samples for HPLC-MS/MS analysis were collected
• Photon flux was measured directly by a TOCON GaP6 holder (Millipore). Samples were collected at the experimental
• KinSim52 (see Figure S5) and was determined to be between 8 storing the filters the same way as the samples. Immediately
• the other binary mixture (BP3 + NaCl, p < 0.05). One reason presence of an extracted marine DOM sample than with 4-

Implications

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Wiki pages this source may touch

• Fish — marine, predatory (tuna, swordfish, shark, king mackerel)
• Baby Sunscreen, Mineral (ZnO + TiO2)
• Mercury

Verification notes

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Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.