the potential risks associated with their exposure and the increasing number of applications where

Overview

This source page is a mechanical bulk-ingest record for a PDF in the methylmercury infant-formula research pull. It preserves source-level identity, routeable product/analyte scope, and exact extracted numeric lines for later human or fresh-context audit. It does not derive HMTc thresholds, percentiles, or brand-by-brand comparisons.

Key numbers

The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:

• Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, 1375 Ave. Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux,
• Montreal, QC H2V 0B3, Canada; madjid.hadioui@umontreal.ca (M.H.); nesrine.amiri@umontreal.ca (N.A.)
• Fast sample processing times (<20 min) were achieved using ultrasonication to accelerate the matrix
• recoveries (over 90%); however, processed samples were found to be less stable than the samples
• processed using an enzymatic digestion based upon pork pancreatin and lipase (≈60 % recovery).
• 10.9 nm were achieved for the enzymatic extraction whereas an MDL of 5.7 × 107 particles g−1 and
• an SDL of 10.5 nm were obtained for the alkaline hydrolysis.
• agriculture (1–4). ENMs are also being used in the food sciences to answer important
• Received: 20 April 2023 challenges faced by the industry (5). For example, nano-enabled packaging is being used to
• Revised: 19 May 2023 extend product shelf-life and avoid spoilage, either by improving the physical properties
• Accepted: 24 May 2023 of the packaging itself (e.g., gas-barrier properties) or by releasing active agents that slow
• Published: 30 May 2023 bacterial proliferation (6–8). Nonetheless, there are currently concerns with respect to the
• the risks associated with TiO2 as a food additive (E171), as reflected by the recent rulings of
• 4.0/). size distribution and concentration, and the concentration of dissolved forms of the metals.
• Molecules 2023, 28, 4442. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28114442 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules
• extraction and since analysis must be verified for NP stability (11).
• extraction’ conditions using enzymes (e.g., Proteinase K (12–14), Pectinase (15), Pancre-
• atin/Lipase (16)), or alkali (usually TMAH, tetramethylammonium hydroxide (15,17,18)) to
• by Laughton et al. (19). The authors found that the use of methanol to extract Au, CuO, and
• Vidmar et al. (20) found similar NP recoveries from placental tissue, they opted for an
• nanoparticles (20 and 40 nm) were chosen as the model NP due to both their widespread
• in the supplementary material (Figures S1 and S2).
• NPs obtained by SP ICP-MS by the total Ag obtained following acid digestion (Table 1).
• An extremely poor recovery (0.9 ± 0.8%) of the 40 nm of Ag NPs was obtained with a
• without enzymes). A comparatively better recovery (15 ± 7%) was obtained by a 24 h
• was combined with enzymatic hydrolysis, the recovery increased further to 38 ± 3%. This
• time (15 min) than conventional enzymatic methods. Lyophilization was added in order to
• better homogenize the samples. This had no impact (38 ± 3% vs. 39 ± 5%) on the recovery
• of the 40 nm of Ag NPs, when equivalent amounts of meat were enzymatically degraded
• Table 1. Overview of selected extraction conditions tested for method optimization of enzymatic
• extraction (24 h, 37 ◦ C). The enzymatic solution was composed of 1.5 mg mL−1 each of Protease
• Pancreatin + Lipase 15 500 3 No 40 Yes 0.025 3 67 ± 12
• buffer in all conditions other than the ultrapure water control; b 4 mL of the upper supernatant after centrifugation
• was transferred to another tube; c 24 h at 37 ◦ C without ultrasonication.
• (Ag) < 0.1 ng g−1 after total acid digestion and quantitative ICP-MS analysis). No detectable
• which was spiked with 252 ± 5 ng g−1 of 40 nm of Ag NPs, which would correspond to
• lyophilization, the mass of meat was reduced to 20.1 ± 0.1% of its original weight and a
• concentration of 1216 ± 88 ng g−1 of Ag was determined, corresponding to a recovery of
• Mass balances were performed (Figures 1 and 2) to determine where the major losses
• rather than filtration (23) was used to reduce surface interactions, while removing large
• tubes also resulted in a much-improved extraction efficiency of 63 ± 8% Ag (from 39 ± 5%).
• mL−1 of Pancreatin + 1.5 mg mL−1tubes obtained

Methods (brief)

• Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (SP-ICP-MS)
• and optimized two sample preparation approaches (enzymatic- and alkaline-based hydrolyses) in
• were characterized using single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (SP-ICP-MS).
• Fast sample processing times (<20 min) were achieved using ultrasonication to accelerate the matrix
• degradation. NP losses during the sample preparation were minimized by optimizing the choice
• recoveries (over 90%); however, processed samples were found to be less stable than the samples
• processed using an enzymatic digestion based upon pork pancreatin and lipase (≈60 % recovery).
• Keywords: silver nanoparticles; single particle ICP-MS; nanomaterials; enzymatic extraction; alkaline
• Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry
• (SP-ICP-MS). Molecules 2023, 28, 4442.
• endeavor. For inorganic nanomaterials, recent advances in SP-ICP-MS have been useful
• A limited number of studies have developed sample preparation protocols for the
• Vidmar et al. (20) found similar NP recoveries from placental tissue, they opted for an
• centrifugation, sample size, and composition of the extraction solution. Emphasis was also
• placed on determining the analytical limitations of the SP-ICP-MS data acquisition and the
• medium-term stability (5 days) of a processed sample.
• NPs obtained by SP ICP-MS by the total Ag obtained following acid digestion (Table 1).
• purely mechanical degradation of the sample matrix (ultrasonication only in Milli-Q water,

Implications

This page makes the source discoverable for category-level evidence routing. Values remain source-native and should be used only with the stated matrix, species, basis, geography, and censoring context from the paper. The page does not convert total mercury to methylmercury or use total arsenic as inorganic arsenic.

Wiki pages this source may touch

• Fish — marine, non-predatory (sardines, anchovies, salmon, cod)
• Shellfish (shrimp, crab, lobster, clams, oysters, mussels)
• Seaweed/kelp foods (nori, wakame, kombu, dulse — as food products)
• Lead
• Aluminum

Verification notes

• Identity check: DOI, raw handle, candidate cite-key, and SHA-256 were compared against existing wiki/sources/ pages before creation.
• Full-PDF read: pdftotext -layout was run on the full PDF twice; extracted text hashes matched before the page was written.
• Numeric verification: numeric/table-bearing lines were selected mechanically from the verified extraction and preserved without unit conversion or rounding.
• Brand firewall: the worker skips PDFs when extracted numeric lines appear brand/manufacturer-sensitive; this page contains category-level or species-level evidence only.
• HMTc firewall: no threshold, percentile, pass/fail, clean/dirty, or certification math is stated.

Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.