Henriqueta Louro b, n, Carla Martins l, m, Matthieu Meslin o, Lars Niemann p,

Overview

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Key numbers

The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:

regulation). In the survey, 64% of the respondents indicated that hardly represent exemplary RAs and illustrate how HBM can be used in RA and
(children and aligned studies neuropathy mg/kg bw/d) for neoplastic effects converted into external was used to estimate cancer Mahiout et al., 2022b)
BMDL10 value (0.43 mg/kg bw/d) levels, with the provisional
Workers data), urinary o- Commission et al., 2017b) based with a FUE of 0.75 and PBPK risks. Mean and P95 levels of
(adults) toluidine including on BMDL10 (42.2 mg/kg bw/d) modelling was used to convert the urinary o-toluidine levels,
Arsenic: inorganic General Published data from Lung, bladder, and skin BMDL 0.5 = 3.0 μg/kg bw/ The sum of iAS, MMA and Cancer risk was estimated on Mahiout et al. (2022b)
Table 1 (continued )
literature and vascular complications value of 6.4 μg/L for P95 levels with BE value.
Bisphenols: bisphenol A General Published data from BPA: effect on renal mean Urinary total HBM-GVGenPop of nr P95 reported in the aligned (Mahiout et al., 2022b;
(BPA), bisphenol S (adults) literature and relative weight in animals ( 230 μg/L and 1.0 μg/L were used studies were compared to the Meslin et al., 2022)
Table 1 (continued )
(4,4′ -methylene (adults) for metabolites MDA, (BHR) 0.12–0.19 μg/m3 NCO causes 2% 2,4/2,6-TDI were basis of the estimated (2023)
Flame retardants: tris General HBM4EU-aligned Kidney toxicity Several health-based guidance HBM data was used to Arithmetic mean and P95 Plichta et al. (2022)
5 phosphate (TDCIPP) 0.007mg/kg bw/d for TCEP ( from a Belgium food basket
US-EPA, 2009), RfD of 80 μg/kg study (Poma et al., 2018) and
bw/d for TCIPP, 22 μg/kg bw/d dietary intake was estimated
for TCEP and 15 μg/kg bw/d for on the basis of national food
children, data on blood lead neurotoxicity (lost cognitive − 0.054 (95% CI: -0.034 to years (DALYs, per 100,000)
adults) 100 μg/L; − 0.019 (95% CI: -0.012 Children/adolescents: DALYs
200 and 300 μg/L (Lanphear et al., points (FSIQ) loss attributable
2005; Remy et al., 2019) to BLL above 20 μg/L.
chapters I –XVIII and XXc; cause mortality; 1.37 (95%CI: and corresponding hazard
Table 1 (continued )
and 95% confidence interval.
Mercury: General Public literature data Neurotoxicity HQd approach: HBM-GV 5 μg/L EFSA TWI/TDI was converted HQ approach: HQ were (Dominguez-Morueco
EFSA approach: TWI of 1.3 μg/kg Esteban-Lopez et al., 2022; EFSA approach: Exposure
equivalent to a TDI of 0.19 μg/kg 1990) P95) compared to tolerable
Mycotoxins: General Public literature data Reduced body weight gain in HBGV: TDI 1 μg/kg bw/day Probable daily intakes were Two approaches: (Alvito et al., 2022;
deoxynivalenol and its (children, and HBM4EU-aligned experimental animals HBM-GV 23 μg/L for urinary total reverse-calculated from DON I) hazard quotient calculated Mahiout et al., 2022b)
DON approach (Apel et al., 2020) median, maximum) to TDI
Table 1 (continued )
cyfluthrin, (adults and data), based on urinary neurotoxicity. exposure: derivation of screening using the urinary mass- (median and P95 and their
Table 1 (continued )
0.19 mg/L for MnBP, 0.23 mg/L summed to obtain individual
and 5-OH-MEHP; 0.12 mg/L for for other anti-androgenic
MnBP, 0.16 mg/L for MiBP; 2 mg/ substances not assessed.
mg/kg bw/day from the most forward calculation was 0.01.
Table 1. The detailed, full RAs or EBoD calculations have been published
can be used in chemical RA or EBoD calculations, and to demonstrate the in the references provided in Table 1.
burden of disease related to environmental chemical risk factors. EBoD 2022b). The measured geometric mean (GM) and P95 levels of AAMA
calculations were made following the principles described in (Hänninen (20–100 μg/L and 70–510 μg/l, respectively) in adults and children were
internal exposure (examples provided in Supplementary Table 2), ripheral neuropathy risk of acrylamide, provisional HBM-GV was

Methods (brief)

arsenic (iAs), (infants, literature and cancer d defined by (WHO/FAO, 2011) DMA levels was converted the basis of the urinary
acid (MMA) and adolescents, studies (aggregated extrapolation as explained by urinary mass-balance DMA, converted into external
(DMA) 2017a). This resulted in a cancer with an FUE used earlier by ( calculated using the cancer
studies (aggregated (As(III)+As(V)+MMA + DMA) (
included. The HBM4EU-aligned studies were surveys that collected HBM The main uncertainty in this RA was related to the limited HBM data on
samples and data in as harmonised a way as possible from (national) both the general population in Europe and workers, as o-toluidine was
2021). In addition, DMF samples from the ESB were analysed for the comparison with the revised tolerable daily intake (TDI), recently
MMA and DMA (Mahiout et al., 2022b). The HBM data from the liter conducted in three European countries (Belgium, France and Spain)
DMA in food. Analytical challenges related to the speciation of As spe welding and chromium-plating activities (Mahiout et al., 2022a) were
approximately 1000 HBM samples from 2008 to 2021, sent to FIOH for (FUE), was limited. For TCIPP and TCEP, FUE was derived from TDCIPP
exposure monitoring by occupational health service units. Urinary data. In addition, the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification
diamine levels were converted into external isocyanate (NCO) air levels (LOQ) values for the analytical methods were quite high in both bio
on studies collected at different time periods (2004–2020) and the percentiles of exposure, and thus did not represent a potential health
association between developmental neurotoxicity and BLL, the dos DON was associated with the fact that the first morning void samples
et al., 2022b). U-TCPy was at detectable levels in most samples, with the
Cyprus, France, Israel, the Netherlands, and Israel. Adults were sampled studies, such as sampling period, sampling collection method, sampling
the RA may still be common to more than one substance, making it available HBM studies, i.e., different sampling periods, sample collec
(sampling period 2014–2018) (Mahiout et al., 2022b). Urinary levels of sentativeness of the sampled population.

Implications

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Verification notes

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Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
b01ec52c	2026-08-04	major	2 sections added
d49e450f	2026-08-03	major	5 sections added; narrative text revised