The association of prenatal exposure to benzophenones

Overview

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Key numbers

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• phenone (BP-8) were measured in maternal urine samples. The median urinary concentrations of 4-OH-BP, BP-3, BP-1,
• (Kunz et al. 2006; Molina-Molina et al. 2008). These make in a wide range of substances, in this study, we evaluated the
• selected, respectively. Helium gas with 99.999% purity and characteristics of the study population, urinary metabolites
• were spiked with different concentrations (0–100 µg/L) of benzophenones in the 1st and 3rd trimesters with gestational
• was 86.67% on average, and LOD (limit of detection) for ing were plotted using RStudio software version 1.3.959.
• Gestational age was calculated based on the last menstrual the study are represented in Table 1. The mean pregnancy
• cycle date reported by the mother’s or using the first ultra- age was 29.94 ± 5.49 (range 17–43) years, most of whom
• sound documents available in the mother’s clinical file (33.95%) were between 30 and 34 years old. The average
• Also, 46.9% of them were exposed to secondhand smoke.
• Maternal mean age (year) 29.94 ± 5.49 The detection rates of BP-3 and BP-1 both in the 1st and
• Maternal age (year) < 25 30 (18.52) 3rd trimesters were 100%. But the detection rates for 4-OH-
• Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) < 18.5 14 (8.64) volume-based (µg/L) and adjusted with creatinine (µg/g Cr),
• Gestational diabetes Yes 10 (10.53) significant coefficient, which means that with increasing one
• mothers, 37.65% had normal BMI before pregnancy, but metabolites in the 1st and 3rd trimesters.
• 18.52% of them were abnormally lean or obese. The mean Figure 3 illustrated that correlation between the metabo-
• there was an increase of 40.55% in the obese group dur- relation of pollutants in male infants in both trimesters is
• ing pregnancy. The education level of 61.73% of mothers quite similar to the overall results of the total infants. Also
• (4.32%), were university graduates. According to Iranian observed in male infants between the concentrations of
• basic salary, 72.70% of the study population had moderate BP-1, BP-3, and 4-OH-BP in the 1st trimester with their
• Table 2 Distribution of urinary metabolites of benzophenones (µg/g creatinine) in 1st (N = 166) and 3rd (N = 87) trimesters of pregnancy
• BP-8 represented association with GA in the 1st trimester 37 weeks), and only 1.8% of them had post-term delivery
• infant’s birth weight and classification as small, appropri- sified versus different gestational ages, are shown in Table 6.
• ate, or large for gestational age are represented in Table 4. The mean weight of infants with preterm and post-term birth
• Infants with a birth weight under 2315 g (10th percen- was 2640 g (95% CI, 2326–2745) and 3175 g (95% CI,
• with a weight between 2315 and 3664 g were accounted the table. The difference in the newborns’ height was more
• Table 4, 78.3% of the newborn infants were in the AGA taller than premature infants. Infants’ head circumference
• group. Sex-specific classification showed that the median varied from a minimum of 32 cm to a maximum of 36 cm
• birth weight of male infants was 3250 g where 78.7% of in the three GA groups. PI of preterm and term birth infants
• and 9% in the SGA group. Although median weight in
• (80.9%) was more than that of boys. Table 5 represents Discussion
• median GA was 39 weeks with the range of 32–43 weeks. in the urine samples of Iranian pregnant women were
• 89.75% of mothers had term delivery between 37 and monitored in the 1st and 3rd trimesters of their pregnancy
• 42 weeks, 8.4% had preterm delivery (earlier than and their association with gestational age was investigated.
• BP, BP-3, BP-1, and BP-8 due to having low molecular 13% (Song et al. 2020) and 2% (Zhao et al. 2017). A high
• weight can easily transfer from the placenta barrier to the median concentration of BP-8 in the 1st and 3rd trimes-
• fetus (Tang et al. 2013). Comparison of these metabolite ters of pregnancy (1.1–1.9 µg/L) in the present study was
• duration (Long et al. 2019; Song et al. 2020). Also, American adults and children with a detection rate of 100%
• excretion and removal of phenolic compounds from the for BP-3 and BP-1, and 93% and 60% for 4-OH-BP and BP-8
• Table 3 Regression coefficients Metabolite All (N = 166) Boys (N = 89) Girls (N = 77)
• (β (95% CI)) for associations
• weight birth (Molina and Saldarriaga 2017). The median hydroxyl group in BP-1, so the main route of BP-3 derivati-
• classification for gestational age 10 90 N p (%) N p (%) N p (%)

Methods (brief)

• phenone (BP-8) were measured in maternal urine samples. The median urinary concentrations of 4-OH-BP, BP-3, BP-1,
• cal samples. BP-8 is a minor metabolite of BP-3 and BP-1 adverse birth conditions for the baby, has serious risks for
• et al. 2021). This cohort study evaluates the associations Sample collection, extraction, and analytical
• establishment of chronic diseases. Participants were selected ple delivery. Spot urine samples were collected in the early
• one of the industrial metropolises of Iran. Inclusion criteria Participants delivered their urine samples two times dur-
• having any chronic and underlying diseases. Exclusion cri- 3rd-trimester samples were taken on average in the 12th
• mone therapy, multiple or twin gestations, and occupations The samples were collected in polypropylene containers
• women of the PERSIAN cohort participants were enrolled, creatinine of the urine samples was analyzed according to
• of the study population (demographic, socio-economic, and sample, 10 μL beta-glucuronidase/arylsulfatase enzyme
• lifestyle information) were recorded via a face-to-face inter- solution was added to each sample, rapidly mixed, then
• weight was measured at the 1st- and 3rd-trimester visits, was added to the sample and placed in an ultrasonic bath
• lockdown program, only 87 participants attended the 3rd-tri- metabolites from the urine samples. This technique is based
• the experienced nurses of the hospital with standard and high recovery (Fernández et al. 2021). The sample extrac-
• calibrated devices. The protocol and method of the present tion was performed by pipetting 3–5 ml of urine sample
• mixture was immediately added to the urine sample in a Infants’ length was measured in a supine position with
• benzophenone-free urine samples (which is regular urine correlation coefficient. The linear regression models were
• the four benzophenone metabolites. Quality control samples, age. Moreover, the concentrations of the metabolites less
• prepared by spiking a known amount of BP metabolite solu- than the LOD were assigned by the value of LOD divided

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