inducement due to radiation exposure is within the acceptable limits for both mining sites.

Overview

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Key numbers

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Nigeria. In-situ measurements at approximately 1 m in the air was carried out using a well-calibrated portable
terrestrial materials on-site. The estimated mean transfer factors (TFs) for 40K, 238U and 232Th are 0.21, 0.17 and
exceeded the mean value of 0.0062 and 0.0021 for 238U and 232Th respectively, the TFs for 40K are well below the
1. Introduction evident. They postulated that the water serves as a means of conveying
are prevalent. The health effects due to natural radioactivity because of 8 200 N and 8 500 N (Figure 1) (Orosun et al., 2020c). While Ifelodun is
Table 1. Results of radioactivity measurements of 232Th, 40K and 238U of some selected studies around the world.
mineralization (Orosun et al., 2020c). Around the Nupe basin, and the Marinelli beakers taped up by means of adhesive tape to stop radon gas
Giloadi and Birnin Ruwa in Edu and Ifelodun LGA areas discovered. In form after the samples were oven dried at 70 C (Ugbede and Osahon,
2.2. In situ radioactivity measurements using portable RS125 gamma (Maxwell et al., 2015). At the collection site, the water samples were
diation exposures at about 1 m above the ground. The portable RS125 500 ml of each of the ﬁltered and heated water sample was measured into
harvesting in November 2019. Forty-eight (48) samples (24 samples each) (MCA) (GS-2000-Pro) by means of a pre-ampliﬁer. The RSS8 gamma
A¼ (2) where all the parameters maintain their usual meanings.
measured with respect to the mean speciﬁc activities of 232Th, 40K and
Table 2. Energy calibration data. exposures provided by Eqs. (4), (5), and (7), DL represents the mean life
Table 3. Descriptive Statistics of the in-situ radioactivity measurements of 40K,
Mean 19.83 412.99 20.62 39.53 for food according to IAEA (1989) is deﬁned as:
2.6. Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) for the ELCR ation where TF is less than one, it means that the radionuclide is only
listic approach by means of the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) so as to trations of 238U, 232Th, 40K and together with their statistical summaries
dial radionuclides (238U, 232Th and 40K) present in the environmental are obtainable via the data article Orosun et al. (2020c). Tables 3 and 4
parameters. presents the result’s summary. From Table 3, the lowest values of the
exposing scientists to all the feasible outcomes in order to evaluate the mining ﬁeld in Ifelodun LGA are 93.90, 1.24, 5.68 Bqkg1 and 19.10
Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) performs the risk analysis by developing Bqkg1 and 63.90 nGyh1. From Table 4, the lowest values of the
2019). The MCS then computes the outcomes severally (with ten thou- 73.89 Bqkg1 and 90.30 nGyh1. The measured mean activities of 40K,
Monte Carlo simulation involves deﬁning the hypotheses and provide the measured mean activities of 40K, 238U, 232Th and DR for the Beryllium
was carried out using Oracle Crystal Ball software version 11.1.2.4.850. Beryllium mineﬁeld in Ifelodun falls in the harmless limits recom-
Table 4. Descriptive Statistics of the in-situ radioactivity measurements of 40K,
238 Table 5. Descriptive Statistics of the Activities of 232Th, 40K, 238U in the soil
Table 6. Descriptive Statistics of the Activities of 232Th, 40K, 238U in the soil Table 10. Activities of 232Th, 40K and 238U in the sampled guinea corn grains
Beryllium mining site. Ifelodun soil (In 38.55 0.05 0.62 0.175
Table 9. Activities of 232Th, 40K and 238U in the sampled guinea corn grains the Beryllium mining ﬁeld were surprisingly slightly higher than that of
Ifelodun grains Max 2.43 110.03 5.25 throughout all the areas are found to be lesser than their corresponding in
(Beryllium) Mean sd 2.19 0.41 105.85 7.25 5.22 0.05 situ measurements. The contributions of earth materials to gamma ray
radiation level, leading to exposure to elevated radiation levels. selected published knowledge across the world as shown in Table 1. The
consolidate our measurements with laboratory analyses. Tables 5 and 6
mining ﬁelds and gold mining ﬁelds in Ifelodun and moro respectively, ELCR ( 103)
using the laboratory based 3 3 inch lead-shielded NAI (TI) detector. 5% Mean 95%
The measured mean activities of 40K, 238U as well as 232Th in the
Bqkg1 respectively. The measured mean values of the radionuclide for
3.3. Radioactivity content in the water and grain samples using laboratory well as pancakes. Tables 7, 8, 9, and 10 show the results of the of the
The estimated mean values of the activities concentration of 40K, 238U
nuclides in the soil. The food crop commonly grown and consumed in respectively for the Gold mining site (see Tables 7 and 8). For the guinea
preparing certain yummy meals such as the renowned African porridge as respectively for the Beryllium and Gold mining sites (see Tables 9 and

Methods (brief)

Th in samples of water, soil and guinea corn grains collected from Beryllium and Gold mining sites in Kwara,
Gamma Spectrometer (Super Spec RS-125), while the soil, water and the guinea corn samples were analyzed using a
et al., 2015). These radioactive elements disintegrate to give off haz- measurements of 238U, 232Th and 40K in samples of and guinea corn
ardous radiations that are famous for causing several radiation induced grains, soils and water collected from gold and beryllium mining sites in
these studies. Most of these studies were carried out in the suburbs of Ifelodun and Moro are Local Government Areas (LGA) of Kwara State,
are prevalent. The health effects due to natural radioactivity because of 8 200 N and 8 500 N (Figure 1) (Orosun et al., 2020c). While Ifelodun is
Nasarawa was investigated by Aliyu and his team in 2015. They associ- recorded in the 2006 census. Moro with a landmass of 3272 km2 has a
Soil Samples 55.30 26.40 505.10 Nigeria Ademola et al. (2014)
intrusive rock comprises of pegmatite and vein quartz (Kayode et al., there is a guarantee that the samples undergoing the analysis are not lit-
In Kwara state, gneisses and schist are usually related to gold samples, put through a 1 mm mesh and then reserved in cylindrical plastic
basement complex of Bishewa and Gidan sani in Moro, sandstones are from escaping. The labeled samples were preserved for forty (40) days
concentrate of rivers and soil sediments in Bishewa, koro, Gidan sani and secular radioactive equilibrium. Forty-eight (48) samples of guinea corn
river Wara yielded around 4.1 g/t–8.3 g/t, nevertheless, an asses of grains (24 samples each) and 24 water samples (12 samples each) were
and 4.5 g/t. Ndanaku, Mari, Oputa, Lokomosi, Tunga Bichi, Gbajubo, machine was used to grind the guinea-corn grain samples into powdery
Giloadi and Birnin Ruwa in Edu and Ifelodun LGA areas discovered. In form after the samples were oven dried at 70 C (Ugbede and Osahon,
Ndanaku and Birnin Ruwa, preliminary results yielded an average of 5 2021) until constant weight was achieved. The water samples were
g/t for gold. The implication is that the area of mining activities and collected, measured using digital balance of detection limit of 0.01 g,
samples for a better detection of activity level of the targeted radionuclides

Implications

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Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
b01ec52c	2026-08-04	major	2 sections added
d49e450f	2026-08-03	major	5 sections added; narrative text revised