Different Chicken-Based Formulations

Overview

This source page is a mechanical bulk-ingest record for a PDF in the methylmercury infant-formula research pull. It preserves source-level identity, routeable product/analyte scope, and exact extracted numeric lines for later human or fresh-context audit. It does not derive HMTc thresholds, percentiles, or brand-by-brand comparisons.

Key numbers

The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:

• Nicolò Montegiove 1, *,† , Eleonora Calzoni 1,† , Alessio Cesaretti 1,2 , Roberto Maria Pellegrino 1 ,
• Carla Emiliani 1,2 , Alessia Pellegrino 3 and Leonardo Leonardi 4
• University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy; eleonoracalzoni@gmail.com (E.C.);
• alex.cesaretti14@gmail.com (A.C.); roberto.pellegrino@unipg.it (R.M.P.); carla.emiliani@unipg.it (C.E.)
• 2 Centro di Eccellenza sui Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturati (CEMIN), University of Perugia,
• Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy
• 3 Independent Researcher, Via Indipendenza 31/A, 06081 Assisi, Italy; alessiapellegrino@befood-pet.com
• 4 Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy;
• Animals 2022, 12, 1538. https:// kibble production process includes mixed thermal and mechanical treatments that help to improve
• doi.org/10.3390/ani12121538 the palatability and durability of the final product but may have undesirable effects on nutrient
• Copyright: © 2022 by the authors. polyunsaturated fatty acids. In addition, its in vitro digestibility was the highest, exceeding 90%
• Animals 2022, 12, 1538. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12121538 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/animals
• Animals 2022, 12, 1538 2 of 21
• The respective amount of water contained in the food is usually less than 11% in dry pet
• taking into account their age, size, and state of health (3–8). Nowadays, complete foods
• to satisfy various nutritional needs (3). The raw materials used as a source of proteins
• ments (9–13). Meat-based meals are made from the transformation of meat by-products in
• Council of 21 October 2009, while fresh meats are derived from the slaughtering waste of
• resulting in a smaller loss of nutrients (14). Meat meals, on the other hand, are obtained
• the fatty portion, with the remaining part being subsequently dried (15,16). According to
• Regulation (EC) No. 1069/2009, these nonmeat raw materials collected during slaughter
• to be more soluble and digestible (1,10,17,18). Furthermore, the harsh industrial process to
• components (19–23); as a consequence, the quality of the final product obtained is often
• poor, as it strictly depends on the quality of the ingredients used (15,24–26).
• product (2,22,27,28). Dry pet foods are generally obtained by the extrusion process; this is
• ingredient widely used in dry pet food production (2,22,29). More specifically, the raw
• materials are brought to a temperature between 100 ◦ C and 200 ◦ C in a few seconds, thanks
• destroyed (3,20,22,30–32). In addition, during the final step of production, fats are added
• characteristics of the final product (2,22). It can cause protein denaturation, alterations in
• Animals 2022, 12, 1538 3 of 21
• color, flavor, and aroma (22,30). Industrial processes, therefore, affect the lipid component,
• value of the final product (22,35), but it can be altered by production processes (22,29,32,36).
• their digestibility (22,36,37). The undesirable effects of heat treatment also involve the
• is the biologically active one (29,38).
• after an intense effort (39,40). Most animal tissues need a high concentration of Taurine,
• in the body (22). An inadequate supply of Taurine can cause very serious pathological states,
• quality protein source, additionally characterized by high digestibility (16,18). A soluble
• protein content analysis, which represents a convenient digestibility index (10,13,17), was
• carried out using the Bradford assay (45). At the same time, the crude protein content was
• evaluated through the Kjeldahl method (46–48). Moreover, a quantitative analysis of the
• the evaluation of crude fats by the gravimetric method (46). The lipid profile was then
• 2. Materials and Methods

Methods (brief)

• with regard to jurisdictional claims in time-of-flight liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (Q-TOF LC/MS) was used to analyze the
• amino acid (AA) and lipid compositions. Finally, a gastric and small intestinal digestion simulation
• AAs, Branched-Chain AAs, and Taurine, as well as a greater quantity of monounsaturated and
• protein and the proper balance of amino acids (AAs) to fulfill the animal’s nutrient require-
• Regulation (EC) No. 1069/2009, these nonmeat raw materials collected during slaughter
• poorly soluble and often resistant to digestion compared to globular proteins, which tend
• the composition of AAs and the bioavailability of proteins define an important nutritional
• denaturation can favor their subsequent digestion by the body and therefore improve
• destruction of AAs and the racemization process, which appears to have negative effects
• different samples by quadrupole time-of-flight liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry
• attention to the concentration of Essential AAs (EAAs) and Branched-Chain AAs (BCAAs).
• was analyzed through an in vitro gastric digestion simulation followed by a small intestine
• digestion simulation (10).
• (Termaks TS 8136, Bergen, Norway) at 135 ◦ C for 2 h. Samples were cooled down at room
• added to facilitate protein release from the organic matrix. Samples were then sonicated for
• The content of soluble proteins in the samples was assessed by the Bradford assay (45)
• The concentration of the soluble proteins in the samples was obtained from their absorbance
• (BSA; Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA). Each sample was analyzed in triplicate. Data

Implications

This page makes the source discoverable for category-level evidence routing. Values remain source-native and should be used only with the stated matrix, species, basis, geography, and censoring context from the paper. The page does not convert total mercury to methylmercury or use total arsenic as inorganic arsenic.

Wiki pages this source may touch

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Verification notes

• Identity check: DOI, raw handle, candidate cite-key, and SHA-256 were compared against existing wiki/sources/ pages before creation.
• Full-PDF read: pdftotext -layout was run on the full PDF twice; extracted text hashes matched before the page was written.
• Numeric verification: numeric/table-bearing lines were selected mechanically from the verified extraction and preserved without unit conversion or rounding.
• Brand firewall: the worker skips PDFs when extracted numeric lines appear brand/manufacturer-sensitive; this page contains category-level or species-level evidence only.
• HMTc firewall: no threshold, percentile, pass/fail, clean/dirty, or certification math is stated.

Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.