U.S. Food & Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson,

Overview

This source page is a mechanical bulk-ingest record for a PDF in the methylmercury infant-formula research pull. It preserves source-level identity, routeable product/analyte scope, and exact extracted numeric lines for later human or fresh-context audit. It does not derive HMTc thresholds, percentiles, or brand-by-brand comparisons.

Key numbers

The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:

• U.S. Food & Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson,
• origin, that are commonly classified as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) (1–6). POPs are a class of
• potential. There are three types of POPs present in the environment: (1) pesticides, especially
• (2) industrial and technical chemicals including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated
• diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS); and (3) by-products of industrial
• (PCDFs), and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (2). PAHs do not strictly belong to POPs and they are
• only recognized as POPs under the Aarhus Protocol (7) because they can be efficiently metabolized and,
• therefore, prevent further bioaccumulation (8,9). However, due to their lipophilicity and continuous
• release, PAHs are frequently classified as POPs in many studies (1,4,10–12). Therefore, in this review,
• PAHs are discussed together with other POPs. Some commonly found POPs in food are listed in Table 1.
• Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 4361; doi:10.3390/ijerph16224361 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph
• hexaCDD; 1,2,3,7,8,9-hexaCDD;
• 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptaCDD; octaCDD
• Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, x 2 of 32
• 2,3,7,8-tetraCDD; 1,2,3,7,8-pentaCDD;
• POPs Class 1,2,3,4,7,8-hexaCDD;POPs 1,2,3,6,7,8- Structure Reference
• 2,3,7,8-tetraCDD;
• 2,3,7,8-tetraCDF; with foundother persistent
• 1,2,3,7,8-pentaCDD;
• 1,2,3,7,8-pentaCDF; commonly
• Table 1. hexaCDD; 1,2,3,7,8,9-hexaCDD;
• (CDD) 1,2,3,4,7,8-hexaCDD;1,2,3,4,7,8-
• 2,3,4,7,8-pentaCDF; 1,2,3,6,7,8-
• -p- dioxin 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptaCDD; octaCDD (13–20)
• POPs Class2019, 16,2,3,7,8-tetraCDD;
• hexaCDF; 1,2,3,7,8,9-hexaCDD;
• 1,2,3,7,8-pentaCDD;
• 1,2,3,6,7,8-hexaCDF;
• Chlorodibenzo Table 1. Commonly found persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in food. (13,14,16–20)
• furan (CDF) 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptaCDD;
• 1,2,3,4,7,8-hexaCDD;
• 2,3,4,6,7,8-hexaCDF; octaCDD
• 2,3,7,8-tetraCDF; 1,2,3,7,8,9-hexaCDD;
• 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptaCDF;
• 1,2,3,7,8-pentaCDF;
• POPs(CDD) Class 2,3,7,8-tetraCDD; 1,2,3,7,8-pentaCDD;
• Table 1. Commonly found
• 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptaCDD;
• 1,2,3,4,7,8,9-heptaCDF;
• 2,3,4,7,8-pentaCDF; octaCDD
• 2,3,7,8-tetraCDF;
• 1,2,3,4,7,8-hexaCDD; 1,2,3,7,8-pentaCDF;

Methods (brief)

• Hexabromocyclododecaneslododecanes (HBCDs) 169; PCB-170; α-HBCD
• lododecanes β-HBCD (25)
• Perfluorooctanoicpyreneacid
• in food (62,63). The approaches usually require multistep strategies including sample preparation
• control criteria (64). The choice of sample preparation technique depends on the characteristics
• of the matrix. Sample preparation may include filtration, pH adjustment, extraction, clean-up
• level (5,65,66). Popular sample extraction methods include Soxhlet extraction (SOX), solid–liquid
• Mass spectrometry (MS) has been considered among the most suitable instruments for the
• indoor residual spray (81,82). Levels of DDT and HCB were also detected in fish samples in India
• decades. The detection of POPs in food requires multistep strategies including sample preparation,
• Because an extremely low detection limit is required for POP analysis, sample preparation
• is needed to reduce the matrix effect when analyzing foodstuff. Sample preparation used for the
• level (5,65,66). Different sample preparation techniques have been developed, including supercritical
• Suitable for solid samples;
• Suitable for solid samples;
• Suitable for solid samples; highly
• Microwave-assisted Suitable for solid samples; high
• Suitable for solid samples; require

Implications

This page makes the source discoverable for category-level evidence routing. Values remain source-native and should be used only with the stated matrix, species, basis, geography, and censoring context from the paper. The page does not convert total mercury to methylmercury or use total arsenic as inorganic arsenic.

Wiki pages this source may touch

• Fish — marine, non-predatory (sardines, anchovies, salmon, cod)
• Shellfish (shrimp, crab, lobster, clams, oysters, mussels)
• Lead
• Aluminum

Verification notes

• Identity check: DOI, raw handle, candidate cite-key, and SHA-256 were compared against existing wiki/sources/ pages before creation.
• Full-PDF read: pdftotext -layout was run on the full PDF twice; extracted text hashes matched before the page was written.
• Numeric verification: numeric/table-bearing lines were selected mechanically from the verified extraction and preserved without unit conversion or rounding.
• Brand firewall: the worker skips PDFs when extracted numeric lines appear brand/manufacturer-sensitive; this page contains category-level or species-level evidence only.
• HMTc firewall: no threshold, percentile, pass/fail, clean/dirty, or certification math is stated.

Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.