Overview
This source page is a mechanical bulk-ingest record for a PDF in the methylmercury infant-formula research pull. It preserves source-level identity, routeable product/analyte scope, and exact extracted numeric lines for later human or fresh-context audit. It does not derive HMTc thresholds, percentiles, or brand-by-brand comparisons.
Key numbers
The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:
- Nada Sasakova 1*, Gabriela Gregova 1 , Daniela Takacova 1 , Jana Mojzisova 1 ,
- Košice, Košice, Slovakia, 2 Parasitological Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
- animal farms and 2 villages and of surface water (rivers) in the same area (Košice
- Francisco Javier Salazar, to March 2015, covering all four seasons. The examination and evaluation of individual
- Francisco Jesus Fernandez Morales, (BC22 and BC37), total coliforms, E. coli and fecal streptococci. Ground water intended
- Received: 02 March 2018 could eventually affect ground water in individual wells. Our investigations showed that
- Accepted: 02 July 2018 protection zones of water sources were not always sufficient. There were considerable
- 22 (heterotrophic count at 22◦ C) in summer and autumn). Water from individual wells
- doi: 10.3389/fsufs.2018.00042 Keywords: ground and surface water, quality, pollution, agriculture, protection zones
- Potable water of good quality is essential for life. Human activities 2013; Fridrich et al., 2014). An important tool that helps to
- interfere in many ways with natural water cycle and affect eliminate pollution of water sources is the Directive 2010/75/EU
- water (Chowdhury, 2013). diffuse sources and many smaller point sources.
- managed resources on earth. Division to types of water according WHO Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality (1996) serve as
- surface water and after soaking in it may be called ground by the Slovak Republic Government Regulation No. 68/2007
- contamination with human and animal wastes may cause major Coll2 ., on protection of farm animals. The requirements on the
- Availability of good quality potable water is affected also by the Slovak Republic Government Regulation No. 496/2010 Coll.,
- in water quality but there is some limit which cannot be exceeded Republic Government Regulation No. 296/2005 Coll3 ., which
- Nieuwenhuijsen, 2003). an offensive taste or odor. Acidification of inland waters by
- fauna and many serious damages; (2) Long-term contamination filamentous algae resulting in increased turbidity, production
- pathogenic bacteria, viruses and parasites (protozoa, eggs of 2 Act No. 322/2003 Coll. on protection of farm animals.
- parasites). They may survive in water for different periods of 3 Slovak Republic Government Regulation No. 296/2005 Coll., which introduces
- protection of water sources (Sasakova et al., 2014). disinfection technologies are used. When using active chlorine
- environment or by all types of point and diffuse sources of indicator of real-time control of bacteria and viruses (EPA, 2011).
- protozoa, and helminths. According to the WHO, 80% of all chlorination process (Gunten, 2003).
- and improperly treated sewage, (2) animal waste in fields A sufficient quantity of good potable water cannot be ensured
- and feedlots beside waterways, (3) meat packing and tanning without protecting the water sources. Generally, three-fourths of
- (4) some wildlife species, which transmit waterborne diseases. from surface waters, and the rest from groundwater. Although
- are diseases of viral etiology, such as infectious hepatitis, Economic Commission for Europe, 1992) Water Convention
- Heterotrophic plate counts (bacteria cultivated at 22 and possible control regimens are envisaged: individual state
- 37◦ C) enumerate bacteria that are derived principally from directives must specify either a maximum emission standard or
- (Horakova et al., 2003) due to insufficient protection of water
- protection of water sources and water safety. - Inner protection zone is defined as the 50-day travel time from
- through the soil, it is susceptible to microbial contamination, radius of this zone is 50 m.
-
- Outer protection zone is defined as the 400-day travel time not protected as the SPZ of the lst or 2nd degree, then the
- from a point below the water table. requirements as at 3rd degree apply to this area.
- Protection Zones of Surface Water March 2015, to cover all four seasons. The results of ground
- are specified. Similar to the zones around ground water sources 296/2005 Coll., which stipulates criteria for achieving good water
- protected area in 1950 in order to provide protection to typical
- 2nd Degree—Basic Requirements hola was declared in 1950. It covers an area of 63.76 hectares.
- flow regimen and prevention of erosion. The following activities Malá Izra was declared in 1976, covering an area of 0.88 hectares.
- Industrial plants with harmful wastewaters and animal feedlots alder forest of lowland type located about 700 m above the sea
- 3rd Degree—Basic Requirements two animal farms. Both villages and farms are supplied with
Methods (brief)
- sources in this area. Samples for physico-chemical and microbiological examination were
- Edited by: collected at 12 sampling points (6—surface water; 6—ground water) from May 2014 up
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, for mass consumption (farms, villages) is abstracted from wells, collected in storage
- IInd and IIIrd degree. quality and potential pollution of water sources. Samples of
- water for examination were collected from May 2014 up to
- Monitored Area and Collection of Samples
- (NR), and one natural landmark (NL). NNR—Velký Milič was
- and next to farm 2. Both rivers are small, but in case of heavy rain Two liters of water were sampled to chemically clean bottles
- or rapid melting of snow they have not sufficient capacity to drain for physico-chemical evaluation and 1 liter was collected to a
- off all water and may overflow. The last heavy flooding occurred sterile bottle for microbiological examination. The samples were
- Tester 30. Conductivity was determined by a conductometer All samples were examined in duplicate.
- pH/ION 735P, Germany). Iron was determined by powder which was exceeded in most of the samples.
- Examination of all parameters was carried out in duplicate. The levels of nitrates in samples of surface and ground
- water determined in samples collected in individual seasons are
- 100 ml or 10 ml of water sample (for water intended for mass TABLE 2 | Results of physico-chemical examination of ground water monitored
- bacteria can be detected in any 100 ml sample (WHO, 1996, STN aquatic life forms. Presence of COD in ground water indicates
- must not be detected in any 100 ml sample of water. of chlorine disinfectants can affect the health of consumers of
- affect survival of potential disease agents and the effectiveness of determined in samples of surface water were below the limits
Implications
This page makes the source discoverable for category-level evidence routing. Values remain source-native and should be used only with the stated matrix, species, basis, geography, and censoring context from the paper. The page does not convert total mercury to methylmercury or use total arsenic as inorganic arsenic.
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Verification notes
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Update history
The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.