Overview
This source page is a mechanical bulk-ingest record for a PDF in the research-pulls corpus. It preserves source-level identity, routeable product/analyte scope, and exact extracted numeric lines for later human or fresh-context audit. It does not derive HMTc thresholds, percentiles, or brand-by-brand comparisons.
Key numbers
The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:
- is increasing evidence of an association between health diseases at approximately 26% of childhood death,
- ble diseases (NCDs) in developing countries, including (19% prevalence in the Thai population) (1). Urbanization,
- environmental legislation in Thailand is based on proof in Table 1. Randomized controlled, retrospective, pro-
- Table 1: Main concept and alternative terms of PICO search strategy.
- and summarized in Tables 2, 3, and 4. The majority of pesticides that were officially banned prior to the study
- tigated pesticide exposure in Thai children (Table 2), al. demonstrated the indirect transfer of pesticide from the
- heavy metal exposure in Thai children (Table 3), nine of associated with arsenic exposure in utero and through
- Table 2: Epidemiological studies investigating pesticide exposure in Thai children.
- Glyphosate Kongtip et al. Birth cohort in utero 82 pairs • Maternal and cord Median glyphosate levels in the Factors for glyphosate exposure were
- naire) umbilical cord serum (median 0.2
- Panuwat Cross-sectional School child 306 Urinary parathion Metabolites 25–60% of the PNP (metabolites of
- et al. (2009) (10–15 years) Part of larger metabolites (PNP, DMP, • Geometric mean of PNP, DMP, parathion) detected among farmers
- Paraquat Kongtip et al. Birth cohort in utero 82 pairs • Maternal and cord Median paraquat levels in preg- Factors for paraquat exposure were
- Pyrethroid Rohitrattana Case-controlled School child 53 • Urinary PYR metabo- Median urinary PYR metabolites Positive correlation (r = 0.40–0.46)
- phate (2015) (11) (6–8 years) (case 24, con- OPs (6 DAP%, TCPy) total DAP and TCPy effects were observed between partici-
- Kongtip et al. Birth cohort in utero 50 pairs (20–35 Maternal urinary DAP Median adjusted urinary DAP Higher total DEP and total DAP
- Table 3: Epidemiological studies investigating heavy metal exposure in Thai children. 313
- (2013) (39) (9–12 years • Questionnaires of more than 1 μg/g creatinine dietary (approximately 20–50% of
- years) Cr) with 2% had higher than 5 μg/g
- child trolled 149) with EBLL > 10 μg/dL was 8.1%, geographical location
- (6 months–4 while that of the Klong Toey • Saliva was not suitable for the
- years) community was 12.5%. biomarker of lead exposure
- Maharachpong Cross-sectional Preschool 319 • House dust and • Mean house dust lead was 210 mg/kg The lead content level in soil was
- lescent (4–14 households) spatial distribu- standard for London (500 mg/kg)). from boat-repair yards (point source
- Mitchell et al. Cross-sectional Child 642 • Capillary blood 5.1% had EBLL (cBLL ≥ 10 μg/dL) with The risk factors of EBLL were anemia
- Neesanan et al. Retrospective Preschool 213 • Blood lead • Mean BLL was 7.71 ± 4.62 μg/dL Risk factors of EBLL were male gender
- years) primary care 26% had BLL ≥ 10 μg/dL. either tap or canal
- Ruangkanchanasetr Cross-sectional Infant to 511 • Blood lead • Mean BLL 5.57 ± 2.31 μg/dL, 4.75 ± • Mean BLL and prevalence of
- Swaddiwudhipong Cross-sectional Child 254 • Blood lead • Mean BLL was 9.8 ± 5.1 μg/dL. • Lead contamination was found in
- • Lead environmen- μg/dL) was 43.3% kept in household containers.
- tal survey: water, • 50.8% of EBLL children lived in
- Swaddiwudhipong Cross-sectional Child 695 • Blood lead • Geometric mean BLL was 9.16 μg/dL. The metal pots were safe for cooking
- et al. (2014) (44) (1–14 years) • Questionnaires • Overall prevalence of EBLL was 47.1% rice but might be unsafe for acidic
- (3–6 years) study that • The geometric mean for BLL was
- Untimanon et al. Case-controlled Child 24 • Lead at on Mean lead contamination in case vs. • Hand lead loading in children was
- Vitayavirasak et al. Case-controlled School child 130 (high • Urinary iAs and its • Geometric mean of iAs + metabo- • Source of exposure was one of food
- Cadmium Swaddiwudhipong Case-controlled School child 594 • Urinary cadmium 19% of children in this study had Significantly higher geometric mean
- Lead Pusapukdepob Cross-sectional Child 126 • Lead in ‘soil vegeta- • Mean BLL in children of case and • IQ scores of the case group (vicinity
- Youravong et al. Cross-sectional Preschool to 292 Blood lead Children with BLL ≥ 10 μg/dL was 21%. Lead exposure was associated with
- Table 4: Epidemiological studies investigating air pollution exposure in Thai children. 317
- Pumhirun et al. Cross-sectional School child Total 100 Skin prick tests Allergic rhinitis patients were mostly 85% of patients sensitive to house
- (2005) (47) (10–12 monitoring ranged from 16.35 to 49.25 ppb. exposed in total Benzene more than
Methods (brief)
- Pesticides Authors Type of Population Sample size Exposure Level measured Comments
- (16) study that DMAP, DMTP) DMTP, and DMAP were 3.5 and children
- Pesticides Authors Type of Population Sample size Exposure Level measured Comments 311
- et al. (2014) (6–8 years) (Case 24, con- lites (ie, 3-PBA DCCA) were not significantly different between PYR residues collected
- (17) trolled 29) • Hand wipe samples between both group, neither wet from the hands and urinary PYR
- Pesticides Authors Type of Population Sample size Exposure Level measured Comments
- Parathion was banned in 2007; data was collected in 2006.
- Organochlorine was banned in early 1983; data was collected in 2003–2004.
- DEP: diethyl phosphate, DETP: diethyl thiophosphate, DMAP: dimethylalkylphosphate, DMDTP: dimethyldithiophosphate, DMP: dimethylphosphate, DMTP: dimethylthiophosphate, OPs: organo-
- Heavy Authors Type of epidemi- Population Sample size Exposure Level measured Comments
- Cadmium Chaiwonga et al. Cross-sectional School child 748 • Urinary cadmium • All urine samples had cadmium The likely exposure sources was
- Heavy Authors Type of epidemi- Population Sample size Exposure Level measured Comments
- Heavy Authors Type of epidemi- Population Sample size Exposure Level measured Comments 315
- area 50, low DMA) μg/g creatinine in high exposure, (surface and ground) and soil
- Heavy Authors Type of epidemi- Population Sample size Exposure Level measured Comments
- Abbreviations: BLL: blood lead level, cBLL: DMA: dimethylarsinic acid, EBLL: elevated blood lead level, Hb: haemoglobin, iAs: inorganic arsenic, MG: macroglobulin, MMA: monomethylarsonic acid.
- Air Authors Type of epidemi- Population Sample size Exposure assessment Level measured Comments
- Air Authors Type of epidemi- Population Sample size Exposure assessment Level measured Comments
Implications
This page makes the source discoverable for category-level evidence routing. Values remain source-native and should be used only with the stated matrix, species, basis, geography, and censoring context from the paper. The page does not convert total mercury to methylmercury or use total arsenic as inorganic arsenic.
Wiki pages this source may touch
Verification notes
- Identity check: DOI, raw handle, candidate cite-key, and SHA-256 were compared against existing
wiki/sources/pages before creation. - Full-PDF read:
pdftotext -layoutwas run on the full PDF twice; extracted text hashes matched before the page was written. - Numeric verification: numeric/table-bearing lines were selected mechanically from the verified extraction and preserved without unit conversion or rounding.
- Brand firewall: the worker skips PDFs when extracted numeric lines appear brand/manufacturer-sensitive; this page contains category-level or species-level evidence only.
- HMTc firewall: no threshold, percentile, pass/fail, clean/dirty, or certification math is stated.
Update history
The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.