Overview
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Key numbers
The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:
- Table 1. Summary of biological monitoring (BM) guidance values.
- SCOEL (Scientific Committee on Occupational Biological Guidance Value None 3 μg/l ( = ~ 4.2 μmol/molb)
- USA10,16,17 Biological Exposure Index 25 μg/l None
- Table 2. Summary of exposure limit values (inhalation).
- level, participation rates were greater than 95%, and at individual level
- within companies, participation rates were 80–90%. Reasons for non-
- guidance values (BMGV) are presented in Tables 1 and 2.10,12–21 were provided using the on-site welfare facilities, into 30 ml polystyrene
- general ventilation); for chromium were 6.9% at a mean concentration of 9.8 μg/l (n = 40) and
- ● PPE programmes; 4.7% at a mean concentration of 4.7 μg/l (n = 180). For nickel, the
- measurement uncertainties were 5.7% at a mean concentration of 6.1 μg/l Air monitoring. Air sampling was not undertaken on initial site visits.
- steel cassettes in IOM heads and aspirated at 2 l/min. Table 3 presents the
- Table 3. Air sampling measurement methodologies.
- ● A reduction of 33% (95% CI (13%, 48%)) in urinary nickel for
- ● A reduction of 38% ((95% CI (17%, 54%)) in urinary nickel for
- ● A reduction of 23% ((95% CI (6%, 37%)) in urinary chromium for
- ● A reduction of 27% ((95% CI (8%, 43%)) in urinary chromium for
- Table 6. Statistical analysis shows:
- summary BM data are presented in Tables 4 and 5. hand contamination for the subset of chromium electroplaters
- A subset of 15 companies was identified where the median (correlation co-efficient 0.71, P o0.0001); and
- Table 4. Summary of urinary nickel results.
- Geometric mean (μmol/mol creatinine) 9.2 10.6 5.5 7.7
- Median (μmol/mol creatinine) 8.2 9.4 5.2 6.8
- Table 5. Summary of urinary chromium results.
- Geometric mean (μmol/mol creatinine) 2.7 3.4 1.3 2.2
- Median (μmol/mol creatinine) 2.4 3.2 1.3 2.0
- Table 6. Summary of dermal contamination from hand wash data.
- in Table 7. The measurements show significantly higher and hand wash measurements for nickel (correlation co-
- Note- the overall measurement uncertainty for nickel was 3.4 – 5.7% place. For this work, the 90th percentile concept was used to
- work. Types of RPE ranged from disposable, negative pressure Often the hierarchy of control52 was not applied to dermal
- Note- the overall measurement uncertainty for chromium was 4.7 - 6.9% Hyg 2009; 53: 499–507.
- disp.show_document?p_table = STANDARDS&p_id = 13096. Accessed 25 March 2014. http://www.astm.org/Standards/E1728.htm. Accessed 25 March 2014.
Methods (brief)
- Relevant occupational exposure limits and biological monitoring single post-shift urine sample on three consecutive working days. Samples
- instructed to wash their hands before provision of the sample to minimise
- METHODS the potential for sample contamination.
- Site Work Participants sealed individual sample bottles inside larger (opaque)
- bottles. Each participant completed a form for each sample. Details of the
- Association (SEA). The SEA has published guidance documents on (RPE) worn were noted on the form. Each bag, containing the sample and
- where samples were provided on the same day as the site visit, taken
- The samples were analysed for creatinine upon receipt at the laboratory
- however, other processes with exposure potential, such as preparatory was anticipated to be greater than 10 days, the samples were frozen. Urine
- work (involving chromium and nickel), maintenance activities, polishing of samples were brought to room temperature and mixed on a rotary mixer
- electroplated items, and ancillary tasks, were also studied. Processes for a minimum of 20 min. All urine samples and quality control (ClinChek
- included hard and decorative chrome plating, chrome passivation, chromic and Bio-Rad) samples were diluted 1 in 20 with an acid diluent. Samples
- anodising, and electrolytic and electroless nickel plating. were analysed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)
- and their associated exposure controls. This included: samples were urine-certified reference materials ClinChek Levels 1 and 2
- Additional BM samples were requested approximately 6 and 12 months A proportion of sites were revisited if there were particular con-
- single post-shift sample was provided on three consecutive working days wipe sampling and/or handwashing was undertaken if dermal exposure
- nine samples over the course of the work, three at the initial site visit, three samplers mounted in the workers breathing zone. Sampling was
- since the initial visit. in excess of half the working shift. Where full shift samples were not taken,
Implications
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Verification notes
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Update history
The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.